Table 1.
Thermal and mechanical properties of selected PHB/CNCs nanocomposites.
| Polymer Matrix | CNCs Loading (wt%) | Functionalization/Additives | Processing Method | Thermal Properties | Mechanical Properties | References | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tmax (°C) |
Tm (°C) |
Tg (°C) |
XC (%) |
Tensile Strength (MPa) |
Young’s Modulus (MPa) |
Elongation at Break (%) |
Sorage Modulus * (MPa) |
|||||
| PHBV | 2 | - | Melt compounding | ~280 | 168.3 | - | 55.6 | 36.34 ± 0.50 | 603.91 ± 22.77 | 15.35 ± 0.66 | - | [90] |
| 5 | ~282 | 168.8 | - | 57.6 | 33.28 ± 0.57 | 645.62 ± 22.12 | 11.66 ± 0.67 | - | ||||
| 7 | 284.3 | 171.4 | - | 59.0 | 32.01 ± 0.50 | 792.98 ± 23.56 | 10.04 ± 0.49 | - | ||||
| PHB | 2 | L-lactide graft polymerization/- | Melt compounding | - | 153.9/166.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | [113] |
| PHB | 2.4 | -/PVAc | Masterbatch melt compounding | 293.49 | ~160/170 | - | - | 20 ± 2 | 1100 ± 95 | 17 ± 1 | - | [114] |
| 4.8 | 294.10 | ~161/170 | - | - | 25 ± 2 | 1170 ± 50 | 16 ± 1 | - | ||||
| PHB | 2.4 | -/PEG | 294.53 | ~162/171 | - | - | 11 ± 1 | 1200 ± 69 | 2 | - | ||
| - | ||||||||||||
| PHBV | 2.4 | -/PVAc | 276.20 | ~150/160 | - | - | 25 ± 1 | 1320 ± 192 | 12 ± 1 | - | ||
| 4.8 | 286.49 | ~150/160 | - | - | 32 ± 2 | 1300 ± 243 | 51 ± 2 | - | ||||
| PHBV | 2.4 | -/PEG | 290.77 | ~153/162 | - | - | 13 ± 1 | 1270 ± 127 | 2 | - | ||
| PHB | 3 | -/PCL | Solvent casting and melt compounding | 257.0 | 161.7/168.0 | - | 45.7 | 14.5 ± 0.7 | 902 ± 56 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | - | [115] |
| 5 | 251.0 | 151.7/160.1 | - | 41.0 | 9.3 ± 1.4 | 1066 ± 65 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | - | ||||
| PHBV | 2 | -/PEG | Solvent casting | - | ~134/151 | - | - | 15.5 | 1100 | 7.1 | ~1900 | [108] |
| 5 | - | ~132/150 | - | - | 26.1 | 1760 | 7.8 | ~2500 | ||||
| 2 | Melt compounding | - | - | - | - | ~25.2 | ~1700 | ~4 | - | |||
| 5 | - | - | - | - | ~24.8 | ~1900 | ~3.4 | - | ||||
| PHB | 2 | - | Solvent casting | 171.2 | - | 47.7 | - | - | - | - | [96] | |
| 5 | - | 172.0 | - | 57.8 | - | - | - | - | ||||
| PHBV | 2 | butyric acid/- |
Solvent casting | 277 | 171 | - | 50 | - | - | - | 4788 | [109] |
| 5 | 285 | 170 | - | 44 | - | - | - | 3869 | ||||
| 2 | lactic acid/- | 282 | 170 | - | 46 | - | - | - | 3283 | |||
| 2 | butyric acid and lactic acid/- | 275 | 170 | - | 51 | - | - | - | 3496 | |||
| PHBV | 2 | - | Solvent casting | - | ~132/150 | ~−1.7 | - | ~35.5 | ~1850 | - | ~1100 | [97] |
| 4.6 | - | ~124/142 | ~−4.2 | - | ~19 | ~1790 | - | ~1380 | ||||
| PHB | 2 | - | Solvent casting | ~288 | 160.6/170.8 | - | 53.6 | 29.7 ± 3.6 | 2400 ± 300 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | - | [86] |
| 4 | ~290 | 160.5/170.4 | - | 53.7 | 29.2 ± 1.8 | 2500 ± 200 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | - | ||||
| PHB | 2 | -/glyceryl tributyrate (TB) | Solvent casting | ~270 | 154.5/169.2 | - | 62.7 | 17 ± 2 | 1500 ± 100 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | - | [99] |
| 4 | ~274 | 154.7/169.6 | - | 59.8 | 19 ± 2 | 1800 ± 100 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | - | ||||
| PHB | 2 | -/poly[di(ethylene glycol) adipate] (A) | ~287.5 | 155.3/169.4 | −13.6 | 57.1 | 15 ± 1 | 1200 ± 100 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | - | ||
| 4 | ~293 | 154.1/168.9 | −13.9 | 56.8 | 14 ± 1 | 1100 ± 100 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | - | ||||
| PHB | 2 | - | Solvent casting | ~275 | ~162/172 | - | 55.4 | ~24.4 | ~1930 | ~1.77 | - | [98] |
| 4 | ~271 | ~162/172 | - | 55.3 | ~25.3 | ~2050 | ~1.8 | - | ||||
| PHB | 0.15 | -/PEG | Solvent casting | 314 | 160 | - | - | ~17.1 | ~185 | ~180 | [102] | |
| 0.45 | 316 | 162 | - | - | ~17.5 | ~80 | ~300 | |||||
| PHBV | 5 | PHBV grafting/- | Solvent casting | 252.6 | 90.5/112.2/129.6 | −16.9 | - | ~20 | ~300 | ~6.2 | - | [110] |
| 20 | 279.5 | 99.5/121.3/136.7 | −12.1 | - | ~33 | ~43 | ~7 | - | ||||
| PHB | 5 | - | Melt compounding | ~308 | 176 | - | 39.6 | 28.1 ± 1.9 | 1518 ± 55 | 3.39 ± 0.18 | 1800 | [116] |
| -/polylactic acid (PLA) and epoxidized canola oil (eCO) | Melt compounding | ~317 | 171 | - | 43.4 | 24 ± 1 | 1604 ± 66 | 2.93 ± 0.16 | 1590 | |||
| P3HB/P4HB | 5 | tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) double silanization/- |
Melt compounding | - | 158 | ~−17 | - | 19.2 | 5.52 | 301 | - | [111] |
| PHB | 3 | - | Solvent casting | 290.2 | 170.9 | - | 64.2 | ~25.8 | ~1890 | ~4.5 | - | [89] |
| 5 | 291.7 | 171.0 | - | 67.1 | ~22.9 | ~2020 | ~2.6 | - | ||||
| PHB | 5 | - | Electrospinning from solution | - | 183.2 | - | - | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 4931.3 ± 245.4 | 19.4 ± 1.7 | - | [91] |
| 8 | - | 184.7 | - | - | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 5120.1 ± 215.3 | 18.3 ± 1.2 | |||||
| PHB | 2 | - | Solvent casting |
- | - | - | - | 57.1 ± 1.2 | 870 ± 20 | 6.5 ± 1.0 | - | [95] |
| 5 | - | - | - | - | 45.2 ± 1.8 | 1410 ± 70 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | - | ||||
* Storage modulus value at room temperature.