Table 3.

A Summary of MOFs for PDT Applications and Their Advantages

	Metal Center	Organic Ligands	Advantages	Ref.
DBP-UiO	Hf	H2DBP	High PS loading; more ROS production; enhanced ISCs	[47]
DBC-UiO	Hf	H2DBC	High PS loading; high stability; high porosity; enhanced ISCs and more efficient 1O2 generation	[52]
Hf-TCPP	Hf	TCPP	High PS loding; large Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) surface; RT sensitizer (Hf);	[143,145]
PCN-224	Zr		Improved chemical stability;	[49,54,88]
Zr-TBB	Zr	H4TBB	Achieve excellent photostability; perform type I and type II PDT; produce 4 types of ROS	[54]
PCN-229	Zr	H4TCP-2	Higher porosity and BET surface area	[76]
PCN-300	Zr	H4TCP-3	Excellent stability in aqueous solution with pH ranging from 0 to 12	[76]
TBP-MOF	Zr	H4TBP	Higher chemical stability; red-shifted absorption bands and stronger infrared luminescence characteristics	[90]
UiO-PDT	Zr	I2-BDP	Low dark toxicity; high cell uptake; good biocompatibility and high 1O2 production	[98]
UiO-68-NH2	Zr	2-aminoterephthalic acid	The amino group of the ligands provides the site for conjugate modification	[113]
UiO-66	Zn	Purified terephthalic acid (TPA)	Achieve nanosized porphyrin with heavy iodine atoms; achieve nanoscale; easy surface modification; high structural stability	[98,112]
ZIF-8	Zn	2-methylimidazole	pH-responsive property; easy to achieve nanoscale under mild synthesis conditions; good solubility in aqueous solution	[36,48,56,110]
ZIF-90	Zn	IcaHs; 2I-Bodipy	Avoid PS aggregation and self-quenching; low cytotoxicity; high cell permeability; good biocompatibility; pH-driven selective tumor cell uptake; mitochondrial targeting and efficient 1O2 generation	[114]
CuTz-1	Cu	3,5-diphenyltriazole (3,5-Ph2-tzH)	Carry oxygen, alleviate hypoxia; achieve type I PDT	[100]
MOF-199	Cu	H3BTC	Inert carrier; remove intracellular GSH	[106,111]
MOF-2	Cu;Al	Meso-tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin	Decrease intracellular GSH	[105]
Ti-TBP	Ti	H4TBP	Produce 4 types of ROS; achieve hypoxia-tolerant type I PDT and oxygen-dependent type II PDT	[53]
Fe-TBP	Fe	H4TBP	Generate O2 through Fenton-like reaction to overcome hypoxia	[151]