Table 5.
Influence of irrigation on concentration of flavonol compounds (mg. kg−1 berry fresh weight) under two crop load levels. R: rainfed; I: non-limiting irrigation; H: high crop load; L: low crop load. MyG: myricetin-3-glucoside; QcG: quercetin-3-glucoside; QcR: quercetin-3-rutinoside; QcGR: quercetin-3-glucuronide; QcGL: quercetin-3-galactoside; Qc: quercetin; IhG: isorhamnetin-3-glucoside: IhR: isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside; Ih: isorhamnetin; KpG: kaempferol-3-glucoside; KpR: kaempferol-3-rutinoside; Kp: kaempferol.
| Treatment | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Compound | RH | IH | % Variation | RL | IL | % Variation |
| 2014 | Trisubstituted | ||||||
| MyG | 17.48 a | 13.62 a | −22.12 | 18.91 a | 13.34 a | −29.44 | |
| Disubstituted | |||||||
| QcG | 19.41 a | 27.36 * a | 40.95 | 14.79 a | 10.50 a | −28.99 | |
| QcR | 0.91 a | 0.91 a | −0.24 | 1.04 a | 2.81 a | 170.70 | |
| QcGR | 3.96 a | 3.07 ** a | −22.53 | 4.36 a | 1.28 ** b | −70.69 | |
| QcGL | 2.81 a | 3.95 ** a | 40.51 | 2.85 a | 11.26 a | 295.37 | |
| ∑Qc | 27.02 a | 35.23 * a | 29.22 | 23.04 a | 25.79 a | 11.16 | |
| IhG | 4.99 a | 4.03 * a | −19.22 | 5.26 a | 2.06 ** b | −60.93 | |
| IhR | 1.85 a | 2.22 a | 20.01 | 1.82 a | 2.51 a | 37.69 | |
| ∑Ih | 6.84 a | 6.25 ab | −8.62 | 7.09 a | 4.57 * b | −35.54 | |
| Total disubstituted | 34.14 a | 41.53 * a | 21.64 | 30.34 a | 30.42 a | 0.26 | |
| Monosubstituted | |||||||
| KpG | 0.64 a | 0.51 a | −20.26 | 0.88 a | 1.18 a | 33.76 | |
| KpR | 5.40 ab | 6.56 a | 21.39 | 4.86 ab | 2.09 b | −57.03 | |
| ∑Kp | 6.04 ab | 7.07 a | 16.95 | 5.75 ab | 3.27 b | −43.06 | |
| Total flavonol | 58.49 a | 62.79 a | 7.35 | 55.87 a | 47.42 a | −15.14 | |
| 2015 | Trisubstituted | ||||||
| MyG | 54.18 a | 28.48 ** b | −47.44 | 45.24 a | 28.54 ** b | −36.92 | |
| Disubstituted | |||||||
| QcG | 38.54 a | 23.42 * b | −39.08 | 38.69 a | 24.59 ** b | −36.45 | |
| QcR | 1.65 a | 1.27 a | −40.50 | 1.71 a | 1.34 a | −21.68 | |
| QcGR | 4.67 a | 2.29 ** b | −61.12 | 3.95 a | 2.17 ** b | −44.96 | |
| QcGL | 3.76 a | 2.08 ** b | −31.38 | 3.47 a | 2.13 * b | −38.69 | |
| ∑Qc | 48.51a | 29.70 * b | −42.92 | 47.80 a | 30.22 ** b | −36.37 | |
| IhG | 4.27 a | 2.45 ab | −78.59 | 2.45 ab | 1.27 ** b | −48.38 | |
| IhR | 5.46 a | 2.13 ** c | −54.73 | 5.21 ab | 3.28 ** bc | −37.04 | |
| ∑Ih | 9.73 a | 4.59 ** b | −65.27 | 7.66 a | 4.54 ** b | −40.67 | |
| Total disubstituted | 58.60 a | 33.86 ** b | −48.58 | 55.71 a | 35.12 ** b | −36.96 | |
| Monosubstituted | |||||||
| KpG | 4.60 a | 2.39 ** b | −48.12 | 4.08 a | 2.39 ** b | −41.47 | |
| KpR | 8.81 a | 4.81 ** b | −45.37 | 8.93 a | 5.11 ** b | −42.84 | |
| ∑Kp | 13.41 a | 7.20 **b | −46.32 | 13.01a | 7.49 b | −42.41 | |
| Total flavonol | 126.31 a | 69.98 *** b | −51.31 | 114.10a | 71.95 *** b | −36.94 | |
| 2016 | Trisubstituted | ||||||
| MyG | 49.73 a | 21.47 *** c | −56.83 | 41.17 b | 18.37 *** c | −55.39 | |
| Disubstituted | |||||||
| QcG | 27.63 a | 16.84 ** b | −39.08 | 25.88 a | 12.09 *** b | −53.30 | |
| QcR | 2.87 a | 1.71 ** bc | −40.50 | 2.40 ab | 1.26 ** c | −47.52 | |
| QcGR | 9.93 a | 3.86 *** b | −61.12 | 8.42 a | 3.06 *** b | −63.65 | |
| QcGL | 5.40 a | 3.71 ** b | −31.38 | 4.98 a | 2.45 *** c | −50.85 | |
| ∑Qc | 45.83 a | 26.11 ** b | −42.92 | 41.69 a | 18.85 *** b | −54.54 | |
| IhG | 6.91 a | 1.48 ** b | −78.59 | 5.35 a | 3.04 *** b | −43.23 | |
| IhR | 8.73 a | 3.95 ** c | −54.73 | 6.73 b | 1.96 *** d | −70.85 | |
| ∑Ih | 15.64 a | 5.43 *** c | −65.27 | 12.07 b | 5.00 *** c | −58.61 | |
| Total disubstituted | 61.83 a | 31.79 *** b | −48.58 | 54.05 a | 24.08 *** b | −55.45 | |
| Monosubstituted | |||||||
| KpG | 6.37 a | 3.42 ** b | −46.32 | 5.25 a | 3.84 ** b | −26.89 | |
| KpR | 4.44 a | 2.57 ** b | −42.02 | 4.04 a | 2.14 *** b | −46.97 | |
| ∑Kp | 10.81 a | 5.99 *** b | −44.56 | 9.29 a | 5.98 ** b | −35.62 | |
| Total flavonol | 123.55 a | 60.19 *** b | −51.31 | 105.44 a | 49.23 *** b | −53.23 | |
*, ** and *** indicate, for the same crop load (H/L), the significance of rainfed in respect to irrigation at p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively. For each parameter, means followed by different letters were significantly different between treatments, p < 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.