Table 7.
Influence of irrigation on concentration of non-flavonoids compounds (mg. kg−1 berry fresh weight) under two crop load levels. R: rainfed; I: non-limiting irrigation; H: high crop load; L: low crop load. GA: gallic acid; CIN: cinnamic acid; FE: ferulic acid; CF: caffeic acid; CHL: chlorogenic acid; COU: p-coumaric acid; t-R: trans-resveratrol.
Treatment | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Compound | RH | IH | % Variation | RL | IL | % Variation |
2014 | Hydroxybenzoic acids | ||||||
GA | 3.06 a | 3.19 a | 4.25 | 2.56 a | 2.60 a | 1.56 | |
Hydroxycinnamic acids | |||||||
CIN | 11.41 ab | 13.26 a | 16.21 | 11.92 a | 5.16 * b | −56.71 | |
FE | 1.11 ab | 1.30 ab | 17.12 | 1.76 a | 0.64 * b | −63.64 | |
CF | 3.20 ab | 3.40 ab | 6.25 | 4.40 a | 1.71 * b | −61.14 | |
CHL | 3.07 a | 3.58 a | 16.61 | 4.57 a | 2.94 a | −35.67 | |
COU | 0.61 a | 0.49 a | −19.67 | 1.12 a | 0.56 * a | −50.00 | |
Total hydroxycinnamic acids | 19.40 ab | 22.03 ab | 13.56 | 23.78 a | 11.01 * b | −53.70 | |
Stilbenes | |||||||
t-R | 1.64 a | 1.67 a | 1.83 | 1.82 a | 1.15 a | −36.81 | |
2015 | Hydroxybenzoic acid | ||||||
GA | 4.18 a | 6.48 ** a | 55.02 | 4.84 a | 5.79 a | 19.63 | |
Hydroxycinnamic acids | |||||||
CIN | 16.15 a | 8.79 *** b | −45.57 | 15.03 a | 7.99 ** b | −46.84 | |
FE | 0.61 b | 0.99 ** a | 62.30 | 0.47 b | 0.97 ** a | 106.38 | |
CF | 9.33 b | 11.46 ** b | 22.83 | 11.80 b | 15.32 a | 29.83 | |
CHL | 0.99 b | 0.44 ** b | −55.56 | 1.83 a | 0.63 ** b | −65.57 | |
COU | 0.89 ab | 0.47 b | −47.19 | 1.16 a | 0.33 ** b | −71.55 | |
Total hydroxycinnamic acids | 27.97 ab | 22.16 ** b | −20.77 | 30.30 a | 25.24 ab | −16.70 | |
Stilbenes | |||||||
t-R | 1.09 a | 0.65 ** b | −40.37 | 1.27 a | 0.73 ** b | −42.52 | |
2016 | Hydroxybenzoic acid | ||||||
GA | 14.97 a | 6.63 *** b | −55.71 | 14.28 a | 6.95 *** b | −51.33 | |
Hydroxycinnamic acids | |||||||
CIN | 60.97 a | 42.00 *** b | −31.11 | 48.42 b | 31.12 ** c | −35.73 | |
FE | 1.05 a | 1.66 a | 58.10 | 1.05 a | 1.02 a | −2.86 | |
CF | 34.62 a | 29.46 * ab | −14.90 | 33.64 ab | 28.52 * b | −15.22 | |
CHL | 6.56 a | 4.93 ab | −24.85 | 6.79 a | 3.73 ** b | −45.07 | |
COU | 11.44 a | 5.57 *** b | −51.31 | 11.49 a | 4.64 *** b | −59.62 | |
Total hydroxycinnamic acids | 114.64 a | 83.61 ** b | −27.07 | 101.39 a | 69.02 ** b | −31.93 | |
Stilbenes | |||||||
t-R | 5.17 a | 3.99 ** b | −22.82 | 4.12 b | 3.42 * b | −16.99 |
*, **, *** indicate, for the same crop load (H/L), the significance of rainfed in respect to irrigation at p < 0.05, p <0.01, p < 0.001, respectively. For each parameter, means followed by different letters were significantly different between treatments, p < 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.