Table 1.
Quality of life and psychological characteristics according to study group.
| CG (N = 82) | DS (N = 36) | ASD(N = 36) | CP(N = 20) | DMT1 (N = 43) | Overall p | Post Hoc Test p-Values ≠ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parent’s age (years), M (SD) | 38.4 (5.8) | 41.3 (6.6) | 38.5 (3.7) | 41.0 (7.1) | 40.8 (5.1) | 0.025 † | 0.013CG/DS 0.025CG/DMT1 0.037DS/ASD |
| Parent’s gender, N (%) | |||||||
| father | 37 (45.1) | 15 (41.7) | 10 (27.8) | 8 (40.0) | 17 (38.6) | 0.528 * | / |
| mother | 45 (54.9) | 21 (58.3) | 26 (73.2) | 12 (60.0) | 26 (61.4) | ||
| Self-Esteem, M (SD) | 23.3 (4.1) | 20.6 (4.2) | 20.9 (4.0) | 21.5 (3.5) | 22.8 (5.0) | 0.005 † | 0.002CG/DS 0.006CG/ASD |
| Optimism, M (SD) | 16.4 (3.1) | 14.5 (4.3) | 15.3 (4.2) | 15.3 (3.6) | 14.5 (3.9) | 0.038 † | 0.012CG/DS 0.008CG/DMT1 |
| Anxiety, Me (IQR) | 4 (5) | 3.5 (5) | 5.5 (6) | 4 (6) | 4 (3) | 0.539 * | / |
| Depression, M (SD) | 3 (4) | 4 (6) | 5 (6) | 5 (7) | 4 (3) | 0.042 * | 0.011CG/ASD 0.031CG/CP 0.033CG/DMT1 |
| Perceived Stress, M (SD) | 14.6 (5.3) | 15.0 (6.0) | 18.1 (5.3) | 16.8 (6.4) | 16.1 (5.2) | 0.021 † | 0.002CG/ASD |
| Family Quality of Life, Me (IOR) | |||||||
| Family Interaction | 26.0 (5.0) | 24.0 (6.0) | 23.0 (5.0) | 26.5 (5.0) | 27.0 (5.0) | <0.001 * | 0.001CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD |
| Parenting | 25.0 (4.0) | 23.0 (5.0) | 23.0 (3.0) | 25.0 (4.0) | 24.0 (5.0) | <0.001 * | <0.001CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD |
| Emotional Well-being | 16.0 (4.0) | 15.0 (3.0) | 14.0 (5.0) | 14.5 (3.0) | 16.0 (4.0) | <0.001 * | 0.015CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD |
| Physical/Material Well-being | 22.0 (4.0) | 20.0 (4.0) | 19.0 (2.0) | 19.5 (6.0) | 22.0 (3.0) | <0.001 * | 0.003CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD |
| Disability-Related Support | 18.0 (4.0) | 16.0 (3.0) | 16.0 (5.0) | 16.0 (3.0) | 18.0 (4.0) | <0.001 * | 0.007CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD |
| Overall FQOL | 105.0 (18.0) | 100.0 (17.0) | 92.5 (16.0) | 101.0 (17.0) | 109.0 (17.0) | <0.001 * | 0.001CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD 0.102CG/CP |
| Individual Quality of Life, Me (IOR) | |||||||
| Physical health | 16.6 (2.9) | 16.3 (2.9) | 15.4 (2.9) | 15.1 (2.9) | 16.6 (2.9) | 0.011 * | 0.007CG/ASD 0.003CG/CP |
| Psychological well-being | 16.0 (2.8) | 16.0 (2.5) | 14.7 (3.8) | 16.0 (3.7) | 16.0 (2.0) | 0.019 * | 0.001CG/ASD |
| Social relationship | 16.0 (4.0) | 15.3 (2.3) | 14.7 (3.7) | 16.0 (2.3) | 14.7 (2.7) | 0.001 * | 0.002CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD 0.029CG/DMT1 |
| Environmental support | 15.0 (2.5) | 14.7 (3.0) | 13.5 (3.9) | 12.6 (2.9) | 15.0 (3.3) | <0.001 * | 0.009CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD < 0.001CG/CP |
| Individual perception QOL and own health | 16.0 (2.0) | 16.0 (2.0) | 14.0 (3.5) | 16.0 (2.0) | 16.0 (2.0) | 0.001 * | 0.035CG/DS < 0.001CG/ASD 0.038CG/CP |
Note: CG—parents of children with typical development and without chronic diseases; DS—parents of children with Down syndrome; ASD—parents of children with autistic spectrum disorder; CP—parents of children with cerebral palsy; DMT1—parents of children with diabetes mellitus type 1; IQR—interquartile range; SD—standard deviation; * Kruskal–Wallis test; † ANOVA; ≠ only significant values are shown.