Figure 4.

Thermographic evaluation in altricial and precocial neonates. (A) Dry newborn water buffalo calf (Bubalus bubalis) thermogram. The maximum temperature (shown as a white color in the thermogram) is observed in the facial and thoracic region, while the coolest temperatures (color green and yellow) are observed in the forelimbs and hindlimbs. (B) Dry newborn puppy (Canis lupus familiaris) thermogram. The maximum temperature can be seen in the cranial region of the thoracic and pelvic limbs (white color), while the back and the facial region (yellow color) and the nose (green color) of the newborn represent the coolest regions. (C) The graph exhibits the maximum, minimum, and average temperatures of the water buffalo newborn calf’s thoracic, abdominal, forelimb, and hindlimb areas. (D) The graph displays the newborn puppy’s maximum, minimum, and average temperature in the thoracic, abdominal, forelimbs, and hindlimb areas. A significant difference between the temperatures of both species can be recognized, where the water buffalo newborn calf has the highest values regardless of the evaluated region. Both thermograms were recorded at minute 60 post-birth to compare the thermoregulatory ability of a precocial animal (water buffalo neborn calf) and an altricial animal (puppy dog). The authors took the thermographic images with a FLIR E80 camera with an 18 mm FOL lens at a resolution of 320 × 240 pixels and the ability to accurately measure temperatures from −20 °C to 550 °C/−4 °F to 1022 °F (emissivity = 0.95, distance = 30 cm).