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. 2022 Apr 27;15(5):538. doi: 10.3390/ph15050538

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic representation of the most important cardiovascular protective properties of silymarin extract and its main active constituent silibinin and the related possible mechanism of action. Arrows indicate either increase (↑) or decrease (↓) of the respective biomarker expression. Key: IL: interleukin; TNFa: Tumour necrosis factor-a; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; INFγ: Interferon γ; SOD: superoxide dismutase; MDA: malondialdehyde; GPX: Glutathione peroxidase; GSH: Blood Glutathione; GSSG: oxidized glutathione; GSK-3b: glycogen synthase kinase-3b; HMG-CoA: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A; ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½; PTP1B, tyrosine phosphatase 1B; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; LDL: low density lipoproteins; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; Nrf2: Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; Akt: protein kinase A,B; PEPCK: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.