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. 2022 Apr 20;8(5):424. doi: 10.3390/jof8050424

Table 1.

List of plant species whose extracts, and relative bioactive compounds, are effective against nosemosis.

Plant Species Extract Bioactive Compounds Relevant Reported Effects Ref.
Achillea millefolium Aqueous terpenes and terpenoids (artemisia ketone, camphor, linalyl acetate and 1,8-cineole) Antimicrobial activity, reduction of Nosema spores, improvement of honey bee survival. [97]
Agastache foeniculum Ethanolic phenolic acids and flavonoids (chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, quercetin, vanillin, acacetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, p-OH cinnamic acid, resveratrol) Reduction of Nosema spores. [98]
Allium sativum Ethanolic essential oils Reduction of Nosema spores. [99]
Andrographis paniculata Aqueous terpenoids (andrographolide, dehydrographolide) Reduction of Nosema spores; mitigation of gut epithelium degeneration caused by N. ceranae. [100]
Annona squamosa Ethanolic steroids, terpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic acids Reduction of Nosema spores. [96]
Aristotelia chilensis Methanolic phenolic acids, flavonoids (caffeic acid, apigenin and pinocembrin) Reduction of N. ceranae
spore loads, improvement of honey bee survival.
[95]
Artemisia absinthium Ethanolic flavonoids (isoquercitrin, quercetin, rutin) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, reduction of Nosema spore loads. [98,101]
Artemisia dubia Aqueous benzopyrones, phenolic compounds and quinic acids derivatives (coumarin, chlorogenic acid, 4,5-dicaffaeoylquinic acid) In vitro and in vivo anti-nosemosis activity. [102,103]
Aster scaber Aqueous benzopyrones, phenolic compounds and quinic acids derivatives (coumarin, chlorogenic acid, 4,5-dicaffaeoylquinic acid) In vitro and in vivo anti-nosemosis activity. [102,103]
Brassica nigra Organic glucosinolates (glucoerucin, glucoraphanin, sinigrin) and isothiocyanates In vivo and in vitro reduction of N. ceranae infections, improvement of honey bee survival. [104]
Cryptocarya alba Aqueous terpenes and terpenoids (β-phellandrene, α-terpineol, eucalyptol) Antimicrobial activity and reduction of Nosema spores. [105]
Cucurbita pepo Ethanolic Essential Oils Reduction of Nosema spores. [99]
Eleutherococcus senticosus Ethanolic saponins and flavonoids (eleutheroside B, eleutheroside E and naringenin) Prophylactic effect in vivo against Nosema infections does not affect Nosema spores’ viability, improvement of honey bee survival. [106]
Eruca sativa Hexan glucosinolates (glucoerucin, glucoraphanin, sinigrin) In vivo and in vitro reduction of N. ceranae infections, improvement of honey bee survival. [104]
Eucalyptus globulus Ethanolic essential oils Reduction of Nosema spores. [99]
Evernia prunastri Ethanolic phenolic acids and flavonoids (chlorogenic acid, vanilic acid, vanillin, rosmarinic acid, crisin, o-Cumaric acid and acacetin) Reduction of Nosema spores. [98]
Humulus lupulus Ethanolic flavonoids (isoquercitrin, rutin, epicatechin) Reduction of Nosema spores. [98]
Laurus nobilis Ethanolic phenolic acids and flavonoids (syringic acid, isoquercitrin, quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, epicatechin, resveratrol and monoterpenes (1,8-cineole, sabinene and linalool) Reduction of Nosema spores. [97,98,107,108]
Ocimum basilicum Ethanolic phenylpropanoid and phenylpropene (methyl eugenol, methyl chavicol) Reduction of Nosema spores. [96]
Origanum vulgare Ethanolic phenolic acids, flavonoids (isoquercitrin, rosmarinic acid, apigenin, vitexin 2-o-ramnoside, sinapic acid, resveratrol) and essential Oils Reduction of Nosema spores. [98,109]
Plantago lanceolata Aqueous flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds (caffeic acid derivatives), fatty acids, polysaccharides Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity; reduction of Nosema spores; improvement of honey bee survival. [97]
Psidium guajava Ethanolic terpenes (limonene, β-Pinene, α-Pinene, caryophyllene) Reduction of Nosema spores. [96]
Rosmarinus officinalis Aqueous phenolic acid, terpenes and terpeinods (rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, carnosic acid and carnosol, camphor, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, borneol, camphene, β-pinene and limonene) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, reduction of Nosema spores; improvement of honey bee survival. [97]
Rosmarinus officinalis Hydroalcoholic essential oils Reduction of Nosema spores. [109]
Rumex acetosella Aqueous phenolic compounds and inorganic salt derivates (tannic acid, binoxalate of potassium, and nitrogenous matter) Reduction of Nosema spores and improvement of honey bee survival. [97]
Salvia officinalis Aqueous terpenes and terpenoids (cis-thujone, camphor, cineole, humulene, trans-thujone, camphene, pinene, limonene, bornyl acetate and linalool) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, reduction of Nosema spores, improvement of honey bee survival. [97]
Syzygium jambos Ethanolic phenolic compounds, anthraquinones, and steroids Reduction of Nosema spores. [96]
Thymus vulgaris Ethanolic essential oils Reduction of Nosema spores. [99]
Thymus vulgaris Aqueous terpenes and terpenoids (geraniol, linalool, gamma-terpineol, carvacrol, thymol and trans-thujan-4-ol/terpinen-4-ol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene and thymol) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, reduction of Nosema spores, improvement of honey bee survival. [97]
Ugni molinae Methanolic phenolic acids (caffeic acid) Reduction of N. ceranae spores and improvement of honey bee survival. [95]
Urtica dioica Ethanolic essential oils Reduction of Nosema spores. [99]
Vaccinium myrtillus Ethanolic phenolic acids and flavonoids (chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, isoquercitrin, quercetin, myricetin, naringenin, kaempferol) Reduction of Nosema spores. [98]