Table 1.
Plant Species | Extract | Bioactive Compounds | Relevant Reported Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Achillea millefolium | Aqueous | terpenes and terpenoids (artemisia ketone, camphor, linalyl acetate and 1,8-cineole) | Antimicrobial activity, reduction of Nosema spores, improvement of honey bee survival. | [97] |
Agastache foeniculum | Ethanolic | phenolic acids and flavonoids (chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, quercetin, vanillin, acacetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, p-OH cinnamic acid, resveratrol) | Reduction of Nosema spores. | [98] |
Allium sativum | Ethanolic | essential oils | Reduction of Nosema spores. | [99] |
Andrographis paniculata | Aqueous | terpenoids (andrographolide, dehydrographolide) | Reduction of Nosema spores; mitigation of gut epithelium degeneration caused by N. ceranae. | [100] |
Annona squamosa | Ethanolic | steroids, terpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic acids | Reduction of Nosema spores. | [96] |
Aristotelia chilensis | Methanolic | phenolic acids, flavonoids (caffeic acid, apigenin and pinocembrin) | Reduction of N. ceranae spore loads, improvement of honey bee survival. |
[95] |
Artemisia absinthium | Ethanolic | flavonoids (isoquercitrin, quercetin, rutin) | Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, reduction of Nosema spore loads. | [98,101] |
Artemisia dubia | Aqueous | benzopyrones, phenolic compounds and quinic acids derivatives (coumarin, chlorogenic acid, 4,5-dicaffaeoylquinic acid) | In vitro and in vivo anti-nosemosis activity. | [102,103] |
Aster scaber | Aqueous | benzopyrones, phenolic compounds and quinic acids derivatives (coumarin, chlorogenic acid, 4,5-dicaffaeoylquinic acid) | In vitro and in vivo anti-nosemosis activity. | [102,103] |
Brassica nigra | Organic | glucosinolates (glucoerucin, glucoraphanin, sinigrin) and isothiocyanates | In vivo and in vitro reduction of N. ceranae infections, improvement of honey bee survival. | [104] |
Cryptocarya alba | Aqueous | terpenes and terpenoids (β-phellandrene, α-terpineol, eucalyptol) | Antimicrobial activity and reduction of Nosema spores. | [105] |
Cucurbita pepo | Ethanolic | Essential Oils | Reduction of Nosema spores. | [99] |
Eleutherococcus senticosus | Ethanolic | saponins and flavonoids (eleutheroside B, eleutheroside E and naringenin) | Prophylactic effect in vivo against Nosema infections does not affect Nosema spores’ viability, improvement of honey bee survival. | [106] |
Eruca sativa | Hexan | glucosinolates (glucoerucin, glucoraphanin, sinigrin) | In vivo and in vitro reduction of N. ceranae infections, improvement of honey bee survival. | [104] |
Eucalyptus globulus | Ethanolic | essential oils | Reduction of Nosema spores. | [99] |
Evernia prunastri | Ethanolic | phenolic acids and flavonoids (chlorogenic acid, vanilic acid, vanillin, rosmarinic acid, crisin, o-Cumaric acid and acacetin) | Reduction of Nosema spores. | [98] |
Humulus lupulus | Ethanolic | flavonoids (isoquercitrin, rutin, epicatechin) | Reduction of Nosema spores. | [98] |
Laurus nobilis | Ethanolic | phenolic acids and flavonoids (syringic acid, isoquercitrin, quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, epicatechin, resveratrol and monoterpenes (1,8-cineole, sabinene and linalool) | Reduction of Nosema spores. | [97,98,107,108] |
Ocimum basilicum | Ethanolic | phenylpropanoid and phenylpropene (methyl eugenol, methyl chavicol) | Reduction of Nosema spores. | [96] |
Origanum vulgare | Ethanolic | phenolic acids, flavonoids (isoquercitrin, rosmarinic acid, apigenin, vitexin 2-o-ramnoside, sinapic acid, resveratrol) and essential Oils | Reduction of Nosema spores. | [98,109] |
Plantago lanceolata | Aqueous | flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds (caffeic acid derivatives), fatty acids, polysaccharides | Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity; reduction of Nosema spores; improvement of honey bee survival. | [97] |
Psidium guajava | Ethanolic | terpenes (limonene, β-Pinene, α-Pinene, caryophyllene) | Reduction of Nosema spores. | [96] |
Rosmarinus officinalis | Aqueous | phenolic acid, terpenes and terpeinods (rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, carnosic acid and carnosol, camphor, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, borneol, camphene, β-pinene and limonene) | Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, reduction of Nosema spores; improvement of honey bee survival. | [97] |
Rosmarinus officinalis | Hydroalcoholic | essential oils | Reduction of Nosema spores. | [109] |
Rumex acetosella | Aqueous | phenolic compounds and inorganic salt derivates (tannic acid, binoxalate of potassium, and nitrogenous matter) | Reduction of Nosema spores and improvement of honey bee survival. | [97] |
Salvia officinalis | Aqueous | terpenes and terpenoids (cis-thujone, camphor, cineole, humulene, trans-thujone, camphene, pinene, limonene, bornyl acetate and linalool) | Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, reduction of Nosema spores, improvement of honey bee survival. | [97] |
Syzygium jambos | Ethanolic | phenolic compounds, anthraquinones, and steroids | Reduction of Nosema spores. | [96] |
Thymus vulgaris | Ethanolic | essential oils | Reduction of Nosema spores. | [99] |
Thymus vulgaris | Aqueous | terpenes and terpenoids (geraniol, linalool, gamma-terpineol, carvacrol, thymol and trans-thujan-4-ol/terpinen-4-ol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene and thymol) | Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, reduction of Nosema spores, improvement of honey bee survival. | [97] |
Ugni molinae | Methanolic | phenolic acids (caffeic acid) | Reduction of N. ceranae spores and improvement of honey bee survival. | [95] |
Urtica dioica | Ethanolic | essential oils | Reduction of Nosema spores. | [99] |
Vaccinium myrtillus | Ethanolic | phenolic acids and flavonoids (chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, isoquercitrin, quercetin, myricetin, naringenin, kaempferol) | Reduction of Nosema spores. | [98] |