Table 2.
Summary of recent studies using natural polymers in bone tissue engineering.
| Ref | Applied Materials | Cell Type | Structure/Production Method | Benefits |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [140] | HA/gelatin/chitosan | Human osteoblast-like cell line (MG-63) | Core–shell nanofibers/freeze-drying method and calcium ion crosslinking | Biomimetic porous 3D scaffold with gradient and layered microstructure |
| [141] | Gelatin–alginate graphene oxide | Human osteoblast-like cell line (MG-63) | Nanocomposite scaffold/freeze drying technique | Enhanced compressive strength, 700% swelling ratio, slow biodegradation (≈30% in 28 days) |
| [142] | Gelatin-bioactive glass-ceramic | Human osteoblast-like cell line (MG-63) | Macroporous composite/lyophilization | Controlled degradation of gelatin scaffold and enhanced mechanical strength by incorporation of bioactive glass particles |
| [143] | Carboxymethyl chitosan/PCL | Human osteoblast-like cell line (MG-63) | Nanofibrous scaffold/electrospinning | Ultrafine and splitting fibers, reduced water contact angle |
| [144] | Chitosan/honeycomb porous carbon/HA | Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | Hierarchical porous structures/vacuum freeze-dried | Suitable pore size and high porosity for cell viability, mineralization, proliferation, and osteoinduction |
| [145] | Alginate/chitosan-HA | Human chondrocytes and fibroblasts | Porous gradient scaffold/freeze-drying and crosslinking by calcium ions | High compression modules and porosity |
| [146] | Gelatin/alginate/polyvinyl alcohol | MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells | Macroporous 3D spongy scaffold/cryogelation technique | Anti-bacterial scaffold for bone regeneration |
| [147] | Gelatin | L-929 fibroblasts, D1 MSC and MG63 osteoblasts | Fiber scaffold/freeze-dried | Enzymatically crosslinked scaffold for bone regeneration |
| [148] | Gelatin/PLLA | L929 fibroblasts | Multifunctional layered scaffold/electrospinning and 3D printing | Nasal cartilages and subchondral bone reconstruction |
| [149] | Strontium-Substituted HA/Gelatin | Coculture of osteoblasts and osteoclasts | Porous 3D scaffold/freeze-drying | Useful for local delivery of strontium and excessive bone resorption ability |
| [150] | Gelatin/PCL/nanoHA/vitamin D3 | Human adipose-derived stem cells | Nanocomposite scaffold/electrospinning | nHA and vitamin D3 have a synergistic effect on the osteogenic differentiation of hADSCs |
| [151] | Collagen/silica | Lymphocytes | Collagen fibrils with deposition of intrafibrillar amorphous silica | Promoting bone regeneration and angiogenesis via monocyte immunomodulation. Differentiation of blood-derived monocytes into TRAP-positive cells due to sustained release of silicic acid |
| [152] | Fibroin/poly(lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) | Human adipose-derived stem cells | Hybrid nanofibrous scaffold | Inducing cell adhesion and proliferation, favorable tensile strength, and surface roughness |
| [153] | Fibroin/PLGA | Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | Core–shell nanofibers | Enhancing cell adhesion, diffusion, and proliferation, promoting the osteogenic differentiation |
| [154] | SF/cellulose/chitosan | Human osteoblast cell line | Composite Porous scaffold | Supporting cell proliferation and promoting biomineralization |
| [155] | Fibroin/gelatin | Rat mesenchymal stem cell | Composite microcarrier | Supporting cell adhesion, proliferation, and elastic modulus |
| [156] | Alginate/nano-HA | Rat calvaria osteoblast | Composites | Good bioactivity, high biocompatibility, antibacterial activity |
| [157] | Silk/calcium silicate/sodium alginate | Bone marrow stromal cells | Hydrogel | Good biodegradation, cytocompatibility, bioactivity, and the proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells |
| [158] | Alginate/calcium phosphate paste | Stem cells | Injectable microbeads | Enhancing cell viability, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and bone regeneration |
| [159] | Alginate/gelatin/apatite coating | Rat bone marrow stem cells | 3D printed composite scaffold | Higher proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, surface protein adsorption, and Young’s modulus for apatite-coated scaffold |