Table 2.
Accumulation of microcystins in aquatic plants.
| Species | Environment | Microcystin Toxins | Concentration of Microcystin (µg/g Dry Weight) |
Mode of Uptake | Plant Response | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) | Submerged | MCs | 0.19–3.95 | Diffusion | Detoxification via tGSH production | [85] |
| Ceratophyllum dermersum (hornwort) | Submerged | MC-LR | 0.05 | Root absorption, diffusion | Detoxification via tGSH production | [89] |
| Elodea canadensis (American waterweed) | Floating | MC-LR, RR, YR | 15,000 | Root absorption, leaf contact with the water surface | Detoxification via tGSH production | [87] |
| Hydrilla verticillate (water thyme) | Submerged | MCs | 2–5000 | Diffusion, root absorption | Detoxification via tGSH production | [88] |
| Lemna gibba (duckweed) | Floating | MC-LR, RR | 2.44 | Root absorption, leaf contact with the water surface | Detoxification via tGSH production | [88] |
| Phragmites australis (common reed) | Shore | MC-LR, RR, YR | 2.7 | Root absorption, stem, or leaf contact with water surface | Reduction in photosynthesis, reduction in biomass | [88] |
| Polygonum portoricensis (smooth smartweed) | Submerged | MC-LR, RR, YR | 4850–7000 | Root absorption, diffusion | Detoxification via tGSH production | [86] |
| Trapa natans (water chestnut) | Floating | MCs | 7.0 | Reduced chlorophyll content, delayed development, reduced bean length and number produced | Detoxification via tGSH production | [86] |
| Typha sp. (cattail) | Shore | MC-LR, YR | 16,000–17,000 | Root absorption, stem, or leaf contact with water surface | Reduction in photosynthesis, reduction in biomass | [88] |
| Vallisneria natans | Submerged | MC-RR | 0.3–14.8 | Diffusion | Detoxification via tGSH production | [91] |
Total concentration of microcystins includes all studied variants; LR = microcystin leucine arginine; RR = microcystin arginine-arginine; YR = microcystin tyrosine arginine; tGSH: glutathione S-transferase.