Table 2.
Crude and overlap propensity score weighted odds ratios of proton pump inhibitor (ref: nonuser) for esophageal cancer with subgroup analysis by the number of GERD episodes.
| Characteristics | N of Esophageal Cancer | N of Control | Odds Ratios for Esophageal Cancer (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure/Total (%) | Exposure/Total(%) | Crude | p | Overlap Weighted Model † | p | |
| Total participants (n = 4055) | ||||||
| Exposure | ||||||
| Current | 279/811 (34.4) | 107/3244 (3.3) | 16.1 (12.61–20.56) | <0.001 * | 13.23 (10.25–17.06) | <0.001 * |
| Past | 85/811 (10.5) | 376/3244 (11.6) | 1.40 (1.08–1.80) | 0.011 * | 1.15 (0.93–1.41) | 0.194 |
| Duration of PPI use (days) | ||||||
| <30 | 231/811 (28.5) | 253/3244 (7.8) | 5.64 (4.60–6.92) | <0.001 * | 4.59 (3.81–5.53) | <0.001 * |
| 30–90 | 83/811 (10.2) | 141/3244 (4.3) | 3.64 (2.72–4.85) | <0.001 * | 2.79 (2.17–3.60) | <0.001 * |
| ≥90 | 50/811 (6.2) | 89/3244 (2.7) | 3.47 (2.42–4.98) | <0.001 * | 1.80 (1.28–2.52) | 0.001 * |
| GERD = 0 (n = 3304) | ||||||
| Exposure | ||||||
| Current | 102/507 (20.1) | 38/2797 (1.4) | 18.6 (12.62–27.41) | <0.001 * | 20.94 (13.48–32.51) | <0.001 * |
| Past | 30/507 (5.9) | 161/2797 (5.8) | 1.29 (0.86–1.93) | 0.216 | 0.94 (0.70–1.25) | 0.673 |
| Duration of PPI use (days) | ||||||
| <30 | 99/507 (19.5) | 121/2797 (4.3) | 5.67 (4.26–7.55) | <0.001 * | 4.97 (3.86–6.41) | <0.001 * |
| 30–90 | 26/507 (5.1) | 49/2797 (1.8) | 3.68 (2.26–5.99) | <0.001 * | 2.87 (1.93–4.25) | <0.001 * |
| ≥90 | 7/507 (1.4) | 29/2797 (1.0) | 1.67 (0.73–3.84) | 0.226 | 1.01 (0.54–1.92) | 0.968 |
| GERD = 1 (n = 281) | ||||||
| Exposure | ||||||
| Current | 56/107 (52.3) | 14/174 (8.0) | 10.42 (5.13–21.20) | <0.001 * | 11.3 (4.49–28.46) | <0.001 * |
| Past | 18/107 (16.8) | 74/174 (42.5) | 0.63 (0.33–1.22) | 0.171 | 0.41 (0.20–0.82) | 0.013 * |
| Duration of PPI use (days) | ||||||
| <30 | 53/107 (49.5) | 59/174 (33.9) | 2.34 (1.36–4.04) | 0.002 * | 2.03 (1.09–3.77) | 0.026 * |
| 30–90 | 15/107 (14.0) | 23/174 (13.2) | 1.70 (0.79–3.65) | 0.174 | 1.74 (0.74–4.04) | 0.202 |
| ≥90 | 6 / 107 (5.6) | 6/174 (3.4) | 2.61 (0.78–8.66) | 0.118 | 1.46 (0.39–5.49) | 0.579 |
| GERD = 2 (n = 174) | ||||||
| Exposure | ||||||
| Current | 44/76 (57.9) | 13/98 (13.3) | 5.42 (2.35–12.46) | <0.001 * | 8.48 (2.42–29.80) | 0.001 * |
| Past | 12/76 (15.8) | 53/98 (54.1) | 0.36 (0.16–0.84) | 0.018 * | 0.36 (0.14–0.95) | 0.038 * |
| Duration of PPI use (days) | ||||||
| <30 | 38/76 (50.0) | 38/98 (38.8) | 1.60 (0.78–3.28) | 0.199 | 1.34 (0.54–3.32) | 0.534 |
| 30–90 | 12/76 (15.8) | 23/98 (23.5) | 0.83 (0.34–2.04) | 0.692 | 0.70 (0.24–2.09) | 0.527 |
| ≥90 | 6/76 (7.9) | 5/98 (5.1) | 1.92 (0.52–7.13) | 0.330 | 3.43 (0.58–20.39) | 0.176 |
| GERD ≥ 3 (n = 296) | ||||||
| Exposure | ||||||
| Current | 77/121 (63.6) | 42/175 (24.0) | 4.34 (2.26–8.36) | <0.00* | 4.26 (2.12–8.57) | <0.001 * |
| Past | 25/121 (20.7) | 88/175 (50.3) | 0.67 (0.34–1.35) | 0.265 | 0.70 (0.34–1.44) | 0.328 |
| Duration of PPI use (days) | ||||||
| <30 | 41/121 (33.9) | 35/175 (20.0) | 2.77 (1.38–5.59) | 0.00 * | 3.71 (1.76–7.81) | 0.001 * |
| 30–90 | 30/121 (24.8) | 46/175 (26.3) | 1.54 (0.76–3.13) | 0.228 | 1.57 (0.75–3.32) | 0.234 |
| ≥90 | 31/121 (25.6) | 49/175 (28.0) | 1.50 (0.74–3.02) | 0.258 | 1.12 (0.54–2.34) | 0.761 |
Abbreviations: GERD—gastroesophageal reflux disease; N—number; 95% CI—95% confidence interval; PPI—proton pump inhibitor. * Significance at p < 0.05. † Adjusted for age, sex, income, region of residence, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, Charlson Comorbidity Index scores, GERD, and H2-receptor antagonist.