Table 2.

NLCs incorporated bioactives.

Drug-Loaded NLCs	Plant Source	Limitations of Free Drugs	Advantages of Loaded Drug Molecules over Conventional Systems	Reference
Cardamom essential oil-loaded NLCs	Elettaria cardamom	Low antimicrobial activities	Protect antimicrobial activity of the plant extract, used as food supplement	[46]
Thymoquinone-loaded NLCs	Nigella sativa	Low bioavailability	Enhanced bioavailability and oral drug delivery, antioxidant potential, improved liver biomarkers affected with PCM induced hepatotoxicity	[47]
Citral-loaded NLCs	Cymbopogon citratus	Low solubility	Improved water solubility and sustained drug release	[48]
β-Elemene incorporated NLCs	Nigella damascena L.	Low bioavailability and anticancer efficacy	Improved bioavailability in male wistar rats and anti-tumor efficacy in H22 hepatoma induced in Kunming mice, reduced venous irritation after i.v., injection in New Zealand white rabbits.	[49]
Zerumbone-loaded NLCs	Zingiber zerumbet L. Smith	Low solubility	Improved water solubility, bioavailability, and sustained drug release with enhanced anticancer activities both in vitro and in vivo.	[50,51]
Baicalin-loaded NLCs	Scutellaria baicalensis	Low solubility and bioavailability	Improved sustained drug release and antidiabetic effect of baicalin	[52]
Berberine incorporated NLCs	Coptis chinensis	Low bioavailability	Enhanced anti-inflammatory potential of the berberine, improved ulcerative colitis symptoms.	[53]
Curcumin-loaded NLCs	Curcuma longa	Low solubility and bioavailability	Improving impressions of DR5 proteins, enhanced caspase 8 and caspase 3 activities, enhanced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma	[54]
Hesperidin and clarithromycin-loaded NLCs	Flavanone glycoside	Low bioavailability	Improved sustained and controlled drug release that can be used to increase the rate of H. pylori eradication.	[55]
Diosgenin and Glycyrrhiza glabra extract-loaded NLCs	Dioscorea deltoidea Glycyrrhiza glabra	Possessed lessened anti-inflammatory properties	Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL, and enhanced anti-inflammatory properties	[56]
Cinnamaldehyde-loaded (NLC)	Cinnamomum ceylanicum	Low bioavailability and shelf life	Total bacteria and fungi count in the treated CA-loaded NLC samples was about 3.5 log CFU/g less than the control. CA-loaded NLC can extend the shelf life of date fruit without any undesirable impacts on sensory attributes.	[57]
Ursolic acid-loaded NLCs	Pentacyclic terpene acid	Low solubility	Animals infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and treated with UA-NLC showed lower parasitism than the infected controls, Increased protective immune response, spleen and liver preservation, and the normalization of hepatic and renal functions.	[58]
Naringenin (NGN) incorporated NLCs	Citrus fruits and tomato	Poor water solubility	Elevated drug release rate in simulated intestinal solutions in vitro, improved transepithelial transport in MDCK cells, improved oral absorption in mice, enhanced inhibitory effects of NGN on MCD diet-induced mouse NAFLD.	[59]