Table 3.

Nanocrystals encapsulating herbal medicines.

Nanocrystals of Herbal Compounds	Plant Source	Limitations of Free Drugs	Results and Outcomes of Loaded Formulations	References
Rutin incorporated nanocrystals (RNs)	Buckwheat, eucalyptus	Poor water solubility	Improved water solubility and bioavailability, RNs showed 100 times more cytotoxic effect on HN5 cells, decreased expressions of Bcl-2 mRNA	[64]
Cellulose nanocrystals isolated from Amla pomace	Phyllanthus emblica	Free drugs do not possess this property	Cellulose nanocrystals help in converting food industry waste into valuable products, and act as a low-cost precursor for various nanoformulations	[65]
Curcumin (CUR) and beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) nanocrystals	Curcuma longa	Poor water solubility and bioavailability	Improved water solubility and bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy, improved lung delivery of active molecule, improved asthmatic conditions	[66]
Silymarin nanocrystals	Silybum Marianum	Low solubility	Improved drug dissolution profile, sustained drug release	[67]
Ethanol extract from Ficus glomerata nanocrystals	Ficus glomerata	Lesser biological properties	Showed comparable activities against Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles stephensi to the conventional neem oil-based nano-emulsion and repellent properties are more effective than commercial formulation.	[68]
Puerarin	Pueraria lobata	Low bioavailability	Enhanced oral bioavailability and upgraded brain accumulation for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD)	[69]
Resveratrol nanocrystals	Natural polyphenol	Low water solubility	Improved water solubility and dermal patches preparation for treatments of acne and skin diseases	[70]