Table 4.
Nano-emulsions containing herbal bioactive.
| Herbal Nano-Emulsion | Plant Source | Limitations of Free Drugs |
Results and Outcomes of Loaded Bioactive |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydroxy-safflor yellow A NE | Carthamus tinctorius | Low absorption and bioavailability | Enhanced systemic absorption and improved bioavailability. | [77] |
| Oregano oil NE | Origanum vulgare | Limited spectrum antibiotics | Reduced and controlled growth of food-borne bacteria (L. monocytogenes, S. Typhimurium, and E. coli) on fresh lettuce. | [71] |
| Elemene oil NE | Curcuma species | Low stability and bioavailability | Improved stability and oral bioavailability in Sprague Dawley rats than a commercial elemene emulsion. | [78] |
| Quercetin NE | Many plant parts like nuts | Low skin penetration cause skin irritation | Increased cutaneous permeability reached the systemic circulation with lower skin retention. | [79] |
| Basil oil NE | Ocimum basilicum | Have lesser antibacterial activity | Antibacterial activity against pure E. coli culture | [80] |
| Nigella sativa L. NE | Nigella sativa L. | Limited free radicle scavenging activity | Enhanced and dose-dependent radical scavenging capacity in the DPPH assay (IC50 of about 47 µg/mL), reduced bioavailability of A2780 cancerous cells, NE showed pro-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. | [81] |
| Linseed oil NE | Linum usitatissimum seed | Poorer stability and penetration through the skin membrane | Improved stability and physicochemical properties for topical applications, suitable for atopic dermatitis evaluated through in vitro and in silico studies. | [82] |
| Cumin tincture-loaded NE | Cuminum cyminum L. | Limited free radicle scavenging activity and antibacterial properties | Good and dose-dependent radical scavenging capacity, antioxidant, anti-angiogenic effect, antibacterial activity against S. aureus and K. pneumonia. | [83] |
| Essential oil NE | Alhagi maurorum | Limited bioavailability | Enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm activity, identified as antimicrobial agents against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. | [84] |
| Nelumbo nucifera crude extracts. | Nelumbo nucifera | Poorer stability | Enhanced stability and antimicrobial activities act as an alternative active ingredient for skin bacterial infection. | [85] |
| Peppermint and rosemary essential oils NE | Mentha piperita, Mint family Lamiaceae | Dermal irritation and toxicity | Reduced osteoarthritis pain via increasing antioxidant capacity and improving the histopathological features of the rats’ knee joint. | [86] |
| Essential oil NE | Thymus vulgaris | Limited antifungal properties | Obtained as promising alternatives for the treatment of cutaneous mycoses, especially when the etiological agents are resistant to conventional antifungal drugs. | [87] |
| Essential oil NE | Myristica fragrans or Lavandula dentata | Poorer stability | Improved physical and chemical stability in different temperature and storage conditions | [88] |