Table 2.

Characteristics of the study participants.

	Control	HDPs		GH		PE		SPE
	(n = 254)	(n = 196)		(n = 78)		(n = 106)		(n = 12)
			p-Values		p-Values		p-Values		p-Values
Age at delivery (years)	31.2 ± 6.7	31.8 ± 6.3	0.388	32.1 ± 6.2	0.354	31.2 ± 6.3	0.985	35.3 ± 6.1	0.036 *
Proportion of primigravidae (%)	63.1	58.2	0.387	54.1	0.312	59.8	0.608	58.3	0.744
Family history of hypertension (%)	23.1	35.9	0.01 *	30.2	0.324	36.4	0.02 *	54.5	0.019 *
History of HDPs (%)	0.0	31.0	<0.001 *	30.4	<0.001 *	32.7	<0.001 *	22.2	<0.001 *
Hypertension (%)	1.45	7.78	0.003 *	0.0	0.392	1.89	0.77	91.7	<0.001 *
Diabetes mellitus (%)	0.48	0.0	0.368	0.0	0.622	0.0	0.474	0.0	0.809
Renal disease (%)	0.97	2.99	0.15	2	0.541	3.77	0.087	0.0	0.732
Autoimmune disease (%)	1.45	0.0	0.118	0.0	0.392	0.0	0.213	0.0	0.675
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	118.4 ± 17.5	163.8 ± 22.8	<0.001 *	148.8 ± 18.2	<0.001 *	168.9 ± 21.2	<0.001 *	183.1 ± 20.4	<0.001 *
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	73.4 ± 11.7	98.8 ± 17.4	<0.001 *	90.3 ± 16.3	<0.001 *	101.2 ± 16.8	<0.001 *	112.7 ± 11.3	<0.001 *
BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2)	20.7 ± 3.0	23.2 ± 4.8	<0.001 *	22.8 ± 3.9	0.001 *	23.0 ± 4.7	<0.001 *	26.5 ± 7.4	0.019 *
BMI at delivery (kg/m2)	24.8 ± 2.7	26.9 ± 4.3	<0.001 *	26.8 ± 3.8	0.002 *	26.6 ± 4.1	<0.001 *	29.3 ± 7.2	0.052
Body weight gained during pregnancy (kg)	10.2 ± 4.2	9.4 ± 6.2	0.231	9.8 ± 6.0	0.694	9.6 ± 6.5	0.423	7.1 ± 5.3	0.019 *
Gestational age at delivery (weeks)	38.7 ± 1.7	35.1 ± 4.0	<0.001 *	37.0 ± 2.7	<0.001 *	34.4 ± 4.1	<0.001 *	33.0 ± 5.5	0.004 *
Birth weight of the neonate (g)	3042.5 ± 479.7	2150.8 ± 863.9	<0.001 *	2565.5 ± 692.6	<0.001 *	1997.8 ± 833.1	<0.001 *	1835.9 ± 1156.0	0.003 *
Apgar score at 5 min	8.7 ± 0.8	7.7 ± 2.3	<0.001 *	8.5 ± 1.0	0.408	7.4 ± 2.5	<0.001 *	6.5 ± 3.0	0.027 *

Values of the continuous variables are expressed as the means ± standard deviation. HDPs: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; GH: gestational hypertension; PE: pre-eclampsia; SPE: superimposed pre-eclampsia; BMI: body mass index. * p < 0.05.