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. 2022 May 7;12(5):697. doi: 10.3390/life12050697

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Biogenesis of EVs and their components. Medium EVs (mEVs) or large EVs (lEVs) are produced when the plasma membrane begins to bud. mEVs/lEVs are (>200 nm), irregular in shape, and may include cytoplasmic components. Surface markers such as integrins, CD40, selectins, and proteins from the cell are present. Small EVs (sEVs) are derived from the endosomal trafficking pathway and so have a more consistent shape and size (<200). sEVs are more readily identified than mEVs/lEVs by cell surface markers such as CD9, CD63, and CD81, and may include mitochondrial DNA, messenger RNA, and microRNA. MVB: multi-vesicular bodies; CD: cluster of differentiation. This figure was created with BioRender.com, accessed on 29 March 2022.