Table 2.

The summary of differences in the placental GLUTs mRNA and protein expression in pregnant patients with macrosomic babies and healthy control neonates.

Clinical Characteristics, Number of Study Participants	Analyzed Parameter	Main Findings	First Author; Year; [Reference]
Growth abnormalities, 6 IUGR vs. 6 macrosomia vs. 4 AGA from IDDM mothers vs. 8 controls	GLUT3 protein GLUT4 protein	No differences No differences	Kainulainen; 1997; [131]
Growth abnormalities, 8 PGDM and GDM with macrosomia vs. 17 diabetes with AGA	BM GLUT1 protein	No difference	Gaither; 1999; [56]
Growth abnormalities, 6 GDM with LGA vs. 32 controls	MVM GLUT1 protein BM GLUT1 protein	No difference No difference	Jansson; 1999; [122]
Growth abnormalities, 13 GDM with macrosomia vs. 13 GDM with AGA and 13 controls	GLUT1 mRNA GLUT1 protein	Increased Increased	Yao; 2017; [128]
Growth abnormalities, 5 obesity with macrosomia vs. 12 obesity with AGA and 11 controls (normal BMI)	MVM GLUT1 protein BM GLUT1 protein BM GLUT4 protein	Decreased Increased Decreased	James-Allan; 2019; [37]
Growth abnormalities; 26 with macrosomia vs. 20 controls	GLUT1 protein GLUT3 protein GLUT8 protein GLUT12 protein	No difference No difference No difference No difference	Stanirowski; 2021; [83]

Abbreviations: AGA—appropriate-for-gestational-age, BM—basal plasma membrane, BMI—body mass index, GDM—gestational diabetes mellitus, GLUT—glucose transporter, IDDM—insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IUGR—intrauterine growth restriction, LGA—large-for-gestational-age, MVM—microvillous plasma membrane, PGDM—pregestational diabetes mellitus.