Table 3.

The expression of GLUTs in several maternal pregnancy-related complications and its association with fetal growth.

Medical Condition	GLUTs Expression; Main Findings	Association with the Fetal Growth
Pregestational diabetes mellitus	Multiple conflicting results— most likely increased GLUTs expression	No evidence of association with macrosomia. Positive correlation between GLUT1, GLUT3, and GLUT4 expression and fetal birth weight.
Gestational diabetes mellitus	Multiple conflicting results— less pronounced increase in GLUTs expression, more likely in insulin-dependent patients	Not enough evidence supporting association with macrosomia. Potential positive correlation between GLUT1, and GLUT4 expression and fetal birth weight.
Abnormal Doppler examination results suggesting the placental insufficiency	Compensatory increased GLUT3 protein expression stimulated by hypoxia	Association with the fetal growth restriction
Preeclampsia	Decreased MVM GLUT1 and increased GLUT3 expression	-
Maternal obesity	No differences in GLUT1, GLUT4 and GLUT3 placental protein expression in obese and control individuals	Positive correlation between BM GLUT1 expression and fetal birth weight in obese mothers
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy	Increased GLUT1 protein expression	-
ART pregnancies	Markedly altered GLUTs mRNA expression	No association

Abbreviations: ART—assisted reproductive technology, BM—basal plasma membrane, GLUT—glucose transporter, MVM—microvillous plasma membrane.