Table 1.
Summary of studies reporting the (sero-)prevalence of Babesia spp. in Germany.
| Reference | Host Species/Group (No. of Individuals Examined) | Babesia Species (No. of Cases) | Babesia Species (No. of Seropositive) | Prevalence/Seroprevalence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Krampitz et al. 1986 [111] | Humans, healthy forestry workers (798) | n.a. | B. microti (2) | 0.25% |
| n.a. | B. divergens (4) | 0.5% | ||
| Hunfeld et al. 1998 [114] | Humans, Lyme borreliosis patients (76) | n.a. | B. microti (9) | 11.8% |
| Humans, seropositive but asymptomatic Lyme patients (44) | n.a. | B. microti (4) | 9.1% | |
| Humans, syphilis patients (50) | n.a. | B. microti (2) | 4.0% | |
| Humans, healthy blood donors (100) | n.a. | B. microti (8) | 8.0% | |
| Hunfeld et al. 2002 [112] | Humans exposed to ticks (225) | n.a. |
B. microti (21), B. divergens (11) |
B. microti: 9.3%, B. divergens: 4.9% |
| Humans with various infectious diseases (122) | n.a. |
B. microti (2), B. divergens (5) |
B. microti: 1.6%, B. divergens: 4.1% |
|
| Humans, healthy blood donors (120) | n.a. |
B. microti (2), B. divergens (1) |
B. microti: 1.7%, B. divergens: 0.8% |
|
| Scheller 2004 [113] | Humans, forestry workers with fever (490) | n.a. | B. microti (68) | 13.9% |
| Weiland et al. 1980 [117] | Cattle (1220) | n.a. | B. divergens (256) | 21.0% |
| Ullmann et al. 1984 [118] | Cattle (1616) | n.a. | B. divergens (211) | 13.1% |
| Ganse-Dumrath 1986 [119] | Cattle from farms with history of babesiosis (251) | B. divergens (29) | B. divergens (108) | 43.0% |
| Niepold 1990 [120] | Cattle, Borrelia-positive animals (212) | n.a. | B. divergens (0) | 0.0% |
| Cattle, farms with suspected babesiosis (354) | n.a. | B. divergens (0) | 0.0% | |
| Cattle, farms with history of babesiosis (200) | n.a. | B. divergens (8) | 4.0% | |
| Huwer et al. 1994 [121] | Cattle, farms with babesiosis history (187) | B. divergens (14) | B. divergens (88) | 47.1% |
| Lengauer et al. 2006 [122] | Cattle (287) | n.a. | B. divergens (1) | 0.3% |
| Springer et al. 2020 [123] | Cattle, one farm with history of babesiosis (95) | B. divergens (30) | B. divergens (36) | 37.9% |
| Pikalo et al. 2016 [124] | Horses (314) | n.a. |
T. equi (19), B. caballi (1) |
T. equi: 6.1%, B. caballi: 0.3% |
| Boch 1985 [125] | Horses (321) | n.a. |
T. equi (18), B. caballi (4) |
T. equi: 5.6%, B. caballi: 1.2% |
| Dogs with suspected babesiosis (116) | n.a. | B. canis complex * (46) | 39.7% | |
| Hirsch and Pantchev 2008 [126] | Dogs, imported or traveling (5142) | Babesia spp. (n.a.) | n.a. | 2.1–2.7% |
| Menn et al. 2010 [127] | Dogs, imported or traveling (4681) | n.a. | B. canis complex * (1138) | 24,3% |
| Hamel et al. 2011 [128] | Dogs, traveling (648) | n.a. | B. canis complex * (32) | 4.9% |
| Dogs, traveling (508) | B. canis complex * (19) | n.a. | 3.7% | |
| Röhrig et al. 2011 [129] | Dogs, imported (2819) | n.a. | B. canis complex * (251) | 8.9% |
| Dogs, imported (2288) | B. canis complex * (5) | n.a. | 0.5% | |
| Pantchev [130] | Dogs, imported or traveling (4579) | n.a. | B. canis complex * (319) | 7,0% |
| Dogs with suspected babesiosis (937) | n.a. | B. canis complex * (119) | 12.7% | |
| Liesner et al. 2016 [131] | Dogs (1023) | B. canis (1) | n.a. | 0.1% |
| Vrhovec et al. 2017 [132] | Dogs (9966) | B. canis complex * (170) | n.a. | 1.7% |
| Dogs (15,555) | Babesia spp. (502) | n.a. | 3.3% | |
| Dogs (2653) | n.a. | Babesia spp. | 11.5% | |
| Schäfer et al. 2019 [133] | Dogs, imported (98) | Babesia spp. (3) | n.a. | 3.1% |
| Dogs, imported (214) | n.a. | B. canis/B. vogeli (22) | 10.3% | |
| Schäfer et al. 2019 [134] | Dogs, traveling (127) | Babesia spp. (3) | n.a. | 2,4% |
| Dogs, traveling (160) | n.a. | B. canis/B. vogeli (8) | 0.5% | |
| Schäfer et al. 2021 [135] | Dogs (20,914) | Babesia spp. (659) | n.a. | 3.2% |
| Dogs, never been abroad (692) | Babesia spp. (54) | n.a. | 7.8% |
n.a.—not applicable. * Note that the B. canis complex was previously classified as a complex of B. canis, B. vogeli and B. rossi as subspecies.