Table 2.

Conditions that can cause intestinal dysbiosis.

Anatomic Abnormalities	Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI)
◦Blind loops ◦Small bowel strictures ◦Surgical resection of the ileo-colic valve ◦Neoplasia ◦Foreign bodies [20,32]	◦The decreased production of pancreatic antimicrobial factors. ◦The storage of undigested substrate in lumen leading to SIBO (small intestinal bacterial overgrowth) [20,32].
Motility disorders	Chronic enteropathies
◦Hypothyroidism ◦Diabetic autonomic neuropathy ◦Scleroderma ◦Abnormal migrating motor complexes [20,32]	◦Intestinal inflammation maintains aerobic conditions and changes in pH in the mucosa. ◦The reduction in the mucus layer allows the attachment of bacteria to mucosa [20,32].
Decreased gastric acid output	Miscellaneous
◦Atrophic gastritis ◦Administration of acid suppressing drugs (H2-blockers, omeprazole) [20,32]	◦Decreased mucosal immunity ◦Antibiotic induced (e.g., tylosin, metronidazole). ◦Diets high in protein and fat and low in fiber (increase C. perfringens and E. coli) [20,32].