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. 2022 Apr 22;20(5):279. doi: 10.3390/md20050279

Table 9.

An updated summary of ocular protective activities of fucoxanthin: In vitro and in vivo studies.

Experimental model
(In Vitro/In Vivo)		 Treatment
(Dose, Route and Duration)		 Major Outcomes Reference
UVB-Induced corneal denervation rats 1–10 mg/kg b.w., orally for 6 days ↑ Nrf2 in cornea;
↓ p38 MAP kinase and GFAP-positive neural cells;
↑ nerve innervation
↓ TRPV1 expression in the trigeminal ganglia neurons; ↓ opening the eyes and eye wipe behavior		 [42]
High glucose and 4-HNE-induced diabetic retinopathy in ARPE-19 cells 0.1–0.5 mg/mL, co-treatment for 24–72 h ↑ cell viability;
↓ DNA damage;
↑ Nrf2 protein;
↓ apoptosis- related protein expression;
↓ ICAM-1;
↑ occludin and ZO-1 protein expressions;
↓ ROS;
↑ antioxidant activity		 [23]
LPS-induced uveitis rats 1–10 mg/kg b.w. in 0.1% DMSO, orally for 7 days ↑ Nrf2 in ocular tissues;
↑ SOD;
↓ MDA;
↓ ocular hypertension;
↓ inflammatory cells and TNF-α;
↓ corneal endothelial disruption		 [33]

↑: upregulation; ↓: downregulation.