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. 2022 Apr 22;20(5):279. doi: 10.3390/md20050279

Table 10.

An updated summary of neuroprotective effects of fucoxanthin: In vitro and in vivo studies.

Experimental Model
(In Vitro/In Vivo)		 Treatment
(Dose, Route and Duration)		 Major Outcomes Reference
β-Amyloid oligomer-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells 0.3–3 μM extracted from Sargassum horneri (purity ≥ 90%), pre-treatment for 2 h ↓ neuronal loss and oxidative stress;
↓ ROS;
↑ pAkt and pGSK3β;
↓ pERK		 [84]
H2O2-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells and primary cerebellar granule neurons 0.3–3 μM extracted from Sargussum horneri (purity ≥ 90%), pre-treatment for 2 h ↓ neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress;
↓ ROS;
↑ pAkt and pGSK3β;
↓ pERK;		 [85]
Aβ1–42 oligomers-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells 0.1–1 μM extracted from Sargussum horneri (purity ≥ 90%), co-treatment for 24 h ↑ cell viability [18]
Aβ oligomer-induced cognitive impairments in mice 50−200 mg/kg b.w. extracted from Sargussum horneri (purity ≥ 90%) in sterile saline, orally for 17 days ↑ memory formation;
↓ oxidative stress;
↑ SOD, CAT and GSH Activities;
↑ BDNF and ChAT
Scratch-injury in cortical neurons
 5–20 μM (purity ≥ 95%) in DMSO, post-treatment for 1 day ↓ MDA, GPx, ROS;
↑ viability		 [91]
TBI-employed mice 50–200 mg/kg b.w. (purity ≥ 95%) in olive oil, orally for 1–7 days;
0.01–0.1 mmol/L, intracerebroventricular injection for 1–7 days		 ↑ Nrf2-ARE expression
OGD/R- induced apoptosis neurons 5–20 μM (purity ≥ 95%) in DMSO, pre-treatment for 30 h ↓ Apoptosis, ROS, MDA;
↑ SOD;
↓ Cleaved caspase-3;
↑ Bcl-2/Bax expression;
↑ Nrf2 and HO-1 expression		 [90]
MCAO-induced rat model (cerebral I/R injury)
30–90 mg/kg (purity ≥ 95%) in DMSO, intragastrically, 1 h before MCAO ↑ SOD activity;
↓ ROS and MDA;
↓ cleaved caspase-3;
↑ Bcl-2/Bax ratio
H/R-induced excitotoxicity in primary hippocampal neurons 0.025–0.25 μg/mL extracted from Undaria pinnatifida in DMSO,
co-treatment for 1.5 h of hypoxia and 24 h of reoxygenation		 ↑ viability;
↑ length of primary neurites		 [19]
Aβ1-42- and H2O2-mediated cytotoxicity in PC12 cells 0.01–2 μM (purity ≥ 95%) in DMSO, pre-treatment for 15 min ↑ cell viability;
↓ apoptosis		 [86]
Aβ oligomers-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and
LPS- induced neuro-inflammation in BV2 cells		 PLGA-PEGFuc nanoparticles (1-10 μg/mL in 0.1% Tween-80), extracted from Sargussum horneri (purity ≥ 90%), co-treatment for 2 h ↑ viability;
↓ ROS;
↓ IL-1β and TNF-α		 [88]
Aβ oligomers-induced recognition impairments in mice PLGA-PEGFuc nanoparticles (i.v. 20–50 mg/kg b.w. in 0.1% Tween-80), extracted from Sargussum horneri (purity ≥ 90%), intravenous injection in every 2 days for 3 times ↑ cognitive performance;
↑ Nrf2;
↓ NF-κB;
↓ IL-1β and TNF-α;
↑ SOD and CAT
Intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV-STZ)-induced cognitive impairment in rats 50–100 mg/kg b.w., orally for 14 days ↑ cognitive performance;
↓ MDA and nitrite;
↑ GSH, SOD and CAT;
↓ TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6;
↓ Aβ(1–42) and Tau accumulation		 [87]
6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells 0.5–5 μM in DMSO, pre-treatment for 2 h ↓ apoptosis;
↑ HO-1, GCLM and GCLC levels;
↑ Nrf2;
↓ Keap1		 [89]
6-OHDA-exposed zebrafish 6.25–50 μg/mL in DMSO,
pre-treatment for 2 h + incubation for 4 days after 6-OHDA exposure		 ↑ swimming capacity;
↓ brain tissue damage;
↓ ROS

↑: upregulation; ↓: downregulation.