Table 11.
An updated summary of bone protective activities of fucoxanthin: In vitro and in vivo studies.
| Experimental Model (In Vitro/In Vivo) |
Treatment (Dose, Route and Duration) |
Major Outcomes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis rats | 20–40 mg/kg b.w., orally for 16 weeks | ↓ IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β; ↑ serum levels of E2 and 1,25(OH)2 D3; ↓ RANKL; ↑ OPG levels; ↑ bone mineral contents and density; ↑ normal bone architecture and trabecular formation in femur; |
[22] |
| sRANKL and/or NF-κB-induced osteoclast-like RAW264.7 cells | 1–5 μM, pre-treatment for 4 days | ↓ osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption ability; ↓ nuclear factor of activated T cells 1, dendritic cell-specific seven transmembrane protein and matrix metallopeptidase 9; ↓ p38 and ERK; ↑ nuclear translocation of phospho-Nrf2 |
[94] |
↑: upregulation; ↓: downregulation.