Table 13.

An updated summary of skin protective activities of fucoxanthin: In vitro and in vivo studies.

Experimental Model (In Vitro/In Vivo)	Treatment (Dose, Route and Duration)	Major Outcomes	Reference
UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells	10–100 μM in 0.1% DMSO, pre-treated for 24 h; dexamethasone as positive reference control	↑ viability; ↓ TNF-α, IL-6; ↓ ROS and LDH production;	[24]
TPA-induced epidermal hyperplasia in mice	200 μg in ethanol of cream formulation/cm2 skin area, topical application for 5 days; β-carotene-cream as positive control	↓ skin edema, epidermal thickness, MPO activity; ↓ COX-2 and iNOS expression; ↑ HO-1 protein
TPA-induced transformation of JB6 P+ cells	6.25–50 μM in 0.1% DMSO, co-treatment for 3–24 h; 5-aza-deoxycytidine and trichostatin A as positive control	↑ Nrf2 and its downstream genes; ↓ colony formation in JB6 P+ cells; ↓ methylation of the Nrf2 promoter region; ↓ DNMT activity	[97]
Atopic dermatitis Nc/Nga mice	0.1% (purity: 70%) in vaseline, topical application for 5 weeks; 0.1% tacrolimus ointment as positive control	↓ eosinophil infiltration and expression of Il-33; ↑ IL-2, IL-5, IL-13, IL-10 and TGF-β expression; ↑ innate lymphoid cells	[98]
Reconstructed human skin in culture plates	0.5% (w/v) all-trans-fucoxanthin (purity ≥ 95%) in alkyl benzoate or ethanol, pre-treatment for 15 min; sodium dodecyl sulfate as positive control	↑ viability; ↓IL-6 and IL-8; ↑ NAT1 gene expression	[39]
UVA-and UVB-induced 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells and reconstructed human skin	0.1–100 μg/mL extracted from D. anceps in sunscreen formulation, pre-treatment for 1 h; norfloxacin as positive control	↓ phototoxicity; ↓ acute photoirritation potential; ↓ ROS	[34]

↑: upregulation; ↓: downregulation.