Table 14.
An updated summary of antimicrobial activities of fucoxanthin: In vitro and in vivo studies.
| Experimental Model (In Vitro/In Vivo) |
Treatment (Dose, Route and Duration) |
Major Outcomes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agar disc-diffusion | 15.6–1000 μg/mL (purity ≥ 95%) in 20% water solution of DMSO, incubation for 18 h and anaerobes for 2 h | Streptococcus agalactiae (mean ZOI 12.2 mm), Staphylococcus epidermidis (mean ZOI 11.2 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (mean ZOI 11.0 mm) | [26] |
| Micro-dilution test | 15.6–1000 μg/mL, incubation for 24 h | Streptococcus agalactiae with minimal inhibitory concentration of 62.5 μg/mL | |
| Agar disc-diffusion | 4.25 mg/mL (purity ≥ 82.70%) extracted from Undaria pinnatifida in dehydrated alcohol, incubation for 24 h; chloramphenicol as positive control | ↓ Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria | [99] |
| Gut microbiome of mice cultured in brain heart infusion broth anaerobically |
0.025–0.1 mg/mL, incubation for 48 h | ↑ intestinal beneficial microbes |
↑: upregulation; ↓: downregulation.