Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of included children (n = 183)
| Placebo tablets | Vitamin D tablets | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HP yogurt | NP yogurt | HP yogurt | NP yogurt | |
| n | 45 | 49 | 43 | 46 |
| Sex, boys, n (%) | 21 (47%) | 22 (45%) | 22 (51%) | 17 (37%) |
| Age (y) | 7.6 [6.9–8.3] | 7.6 [7.0–8.2] | 7.8 [7.3–8.3] | 7.6 [7.0–8.2] |
| Puberty, have entered, n (%) | 2 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 4 (9%) |
| Parental education, n (%) | ||||
| ≤ Vocational or short academic | 6 (13%) | 10 (20%) | 6 (14%) | 5 (11%) |
| ≥ Bachelors’s degree | 39 (87%) | 39 (80%) | 37 (86%) | 41 (89%) |
| Height (cm) | 128.4 ± 6.8 | 129.3 ± 7.5 | 130.6 ± 7.3 | 130.5 ± 6.5 |
| Weight (kg) | 26.2 ± 4.9 | 26.7 ± 5.4 | 26.1 ± 4.3 | 28.3 ± 5.3 |
| BMI-for-age z-score | − 0.06 ± 1.06 | − 0.02 ± 1.09 | − 0.28 ± 0.77 | 0.36 ± 1.07 |
| Weight category, n (%)a | ||||
| Underweight | 5 (11%) | 5 (10%) | 1 (2%) | 4 (9%) |
| Normal weight | 34 (76%) | 37 (76%) | 40 (93%) | 34 (74%) |
| Overweight or obesity | 6 (13%) | 7 (14%) | 2 (5%) | 8 (17%) |
| Total LM, kg | 19.0 ± 3.1 | 18.7 ± 2.9 | 19.3 ± 2.6 | 19.7 ± 2.7 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| CPMc | 1254 ± 286 | 1301 ± 281 | 1311 ± 340 | 1275 ± 276 |
| MVPA, min/dayc | 46.1 ± 22.1 | 45.9 ± 19.9 | 48.1 ± 23.6 | 46.7 ± 19.3 |
| Organized sport, yes n (%) | 41 (91%) | 44 (90%) | 40 (93%) | 41 (89%) |
| Organized sport, h/w | 1.5 (0.7–2.5) | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | 1.5 (0.6–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) |
| Dietary intake | ||||
| Energy intake (kJ/day) | 6289 ± 1431 | 6523 ± 1128 | 7248 ± 1508 | 6738 ± 1252 |
| Protein intake (E%) | 15.5 ± 2.5 | 15.2 ± 2.3 | 15.6 ± 2.3 | 15.7 ± 2.5 |
| Carbohydrate intake (E%) | 52.6 ± 4.7 | 54.5 ± 5.0 | 52.2 ± 4.6 | 54.6 ± 4.2 |
| Fat intake (E%) | 31.9 ± 4.7 | 30.4 ± 4.5 | 32.0 ± 4.4 | 29.7 ± 4.3 |
| Calcium intake (mg/day) | 784 [529–1053] | 906 [674–1291] | 955 [708–1238] | 917 [683–1272] |
| Vitamin D intake (µg/day) | 2.6 [1.5–3.8] | 2.3 [1.4–3.7] | 2.2 [1.3–4.6] | 2.6 [1.7–3.6] |
| Serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L)b | 80.2 ± 19.7 | 78.0 ± 17.6 | 80.5 ± 14.3 | 81.4 ± 18.3 |
Values are mean ± SD, median [25th–75th percentile], percentage ratios or number and percentages. Data, except for MVPA and organized sports, have been reported previously [19]
BMI body mass index, CPM counts per minute, E% energy percentage, HP high protein, LM lean mass, MVPA moderate-vigorous physical activity, NP normal protein, 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D
aMeasured by accelerometry; n = 172 (n = 44, n = 43, n = 43 and n = 42 in the HP-placebo, NP-placebo, HP-vitamin D, and NP-vitamin D groups, respectively)
bFrom fasting blood sample; missing data due to unsuccessful or insufficient blood sampling; n = 178 (n = 41, n = 48, n = 43 and n = 46 in the HP-placebo, NP-placebo, HP-vitamin D, and NP-vitamin D groups, respectively)