Table 2.
Mean (SD) baseline values for the intervention and the waiting control group for all reported outcome variables.
| Anthropometrics | Waiting Control Group (n = 30) | Intervention Group (n = 30) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Age (years) | 22.23 (1.93) | 22.51 (2.51) | 0.955 |
| Height (cm) | 177.92 (5.74) | 178.82 (6.03) | 0.869 | |
| Mass (kg) | 75.40 (7.92) | 75.04 (8.21) | 0.612 | |
| Rearfoot eversion (degree) | 8.4 (1.0) | 8.4 (0.9) | 0.935 | |
| Kinetic data | ||||
| GRFs (% Body weight) | FzHC | 107.38 (11.71) | 106.16 (9.28) | 0.657 |
| FzPO | 105.17 (9.07) | 104.48 (5.87) | 0.725 | |
| FxHC | 11.80 (1.49) | 11.51 (1.51) | 0.457 | |
| FxPO | −7.21 (2.47) | −7.28 (2.32) | 0.902 | |
| FyHC | −8.05 (2.44) | −8.37 (2.29) | 0.601 | |
| FyPO | 10.13 (4.22) | 9.55 (3.24) | 0.553 | |
| TTP GRFs (ms) | FzHC | 147.96 (19.67) | 146.30 (19.36) | 0.742 |
| Free moment (negative) × 10−3 | −1.09 (0.44) | −1.08 (0.64) | 0.946 | |
| Free moment (positive) × 10−3 | 1.93 (0.56) | 1.87 (0.43) | 0.632 | |
| Loading rate | 7.39 (1.33) | 7.41 (1.36) | 0.956 | |
| Stance time | 0.65 (0.09) | 0.66 (0.08) | 0.545 | |
| Electromyographic data (%MVIC) | ||||
| Loading phase | Tibialis anterior | 25.28 (6.22) | 24.75 (8.12) | 0.777 |
| Gastrocnemius medialis | 7.85 (2.40) | 8.19 (2.45) | 0.587 | |
| Vastus lateralis | 19.41 (7.54) | 19.59 (6.78) | 0.923 | |
| Vastus medialis | 21.86 (7.33) | 21.74 (7.64) | 0.948 | |
| Rectus femoris | 21.44 (7.42) | 21.61 (6.83) | 0.929 | |
| Biceps femoris | 11.23 (3.88) | 11.09 (4.09) | 0.895 | |
| Semitendinosus | 10.94 (4.49) | 11.02 (3.80) | 0.885 | |
| Gluteus medius | 20.09 (6.62) | 21.83 (6.74) | 0.319 | |
| Mid-stance phase | Tibialis anterior | 7.93 (3.26) | 7.84 (3.59) | 0.917 |
| Gastrocnemius medialis | 26.26 (9.25) | 26.60 (9.14) | 0.886 | |
| Vastus lateralis | 6.33 (2.20) | 7.02 (2.42) | 0.254 | |
| Vastus medialis | 7.76 (3.22) | 7.82 (2.70) | 0.933 | |
| Rectus femoris | 19.29 (7.01) | 19.35 (6.18) | 0.971 | |
| Biceps femoris | 5.52 (2.30) | 5.88 (2.07) | 0.537 | |
| Semitendinosus | 6.91 (2.77) | 7.01 (2.82) | 0.889 | |
| Gluteus medius | 13.29 (4.22) | 13.21 (5.29) | 0.950 | |
| Push-off phase | Tibialis anterior | 8.80 (2.35) | 8.60 (2.09) | 0.735 |
| Gastrocnemius medialis | 46.19 (13.68) | 46.37 (14.21) | 0.961 | |
| Vastus lateralis | 6.73 (2.63) | 6.40 (2.60) | 0.627 | |
| Vastus medialis | 7.31 (2.12) | 7.37 (2.37) | 0.920 | |
| Rectus femoris | 16.66 (2.91) | 16.79 (2.96) | 0.865 | |
| Biceps femoris | 6.30 (2.23) | 6.58 (2.05) | 0.615 | |
| Semitendinosus | 6.38 (2.01) | 6.59 (2.01) | 0.679 | |
| Gluteus medius | 17.32 (4.28) | 17.79 (4.08) | 0.662 | |
Notes: BMI, body mass index; FzHC, peak vertical force at heel contact; FzPO, peak vertical force during push-off; FyHC, braking force; FyPO, propulsion force; FxHC, peak lateral force at heel contact; FxPO, peak medial force at push-off phase; TTP, time to reach peak; x, medio-lateral orientation; y, anterior-posterior orientation; z, vertical orientation; MVIC, maximum voluntary isometric contraction; SD = standard deviation.