Table 3.
Group-specific pre-post data for ground reaction forces during walking at constant speed. Descriptive data are illustrated as means (SD) and 95% confidence intervals.
| Ground Reaction Forces | Waiting Control Group (n = 30) | Intervention Group (n = 30) | Significance Level and Effect Size; p-Value with d-Value in Brackets | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Test | Post-Test | 95% CI | ∆% | Pre-Test | Post-Test | 95% CI | ∆% | Time | Group | Group × Time | |
| FzHC (% Body weight) | 107.38 (11.71) | 107.76 (12.84) | −3.69, 2.92 | 0.35 | 106.16 (9.28) | 96.90 (8.19) | 4.91, 13.61 | −8.72 | 0.002 (0.873) | 0.015 (0.659) | 0.001 (0.947) |
| FzPO (% Body weight) | 105.17 (9.07) | 109.63 (14.60) | −9.43, 0.52 | 4.24 | 104.48 (5.87) | 103.95 (7.46) | −2.34, 3.38 | −0.50 | 0.166 (0.369) | 0.137 (0.397) | 0.082 (0.464) |
| FxHC (% Body weight) | 11.80 (1.49) | 12.10 (1.41) | −1.06, 0.47 | 2.54 | 11.51 (1.51) | 9.41 (1.80) | 1.33, 2.87 | −18.24 | 0.001 (0.892) | 0.000 (1.291) | 0.000 (1.185) |
| FxPO (% Body weight) | −7.21 (2.47) | −7.31 (2.68) | −1.31, 1.52 | 1.38 | −7.28 (2.32) | −7.65 (2.72) | −0.62, 1.36 | 5.08 | 0.576 (0.142) | 0.684 (0.110) | 0.757 (0.090) |
| FyHC (% Body weight) | −8.05 (2.44) | −8.08 (2.60) | −1.05, 1.12 | 0.37 | −8.37 (2.29) | −8.03 (2.70) | −1.67, 0.99 | −4.06 | 0.719 (0.090) | 0.787 (0.063) | 0.657 (0.110) |
| FyPO (% Body weight) | 10.13 (4.22) | 10.11 (2.84) | −1.64, 1.68 | −0.19 | 9.55 (3.24) | 9.49 (2.77) | −1.42, 1.53 | −0.62 | 0.945 (0.000) | 0.371 (0.238) | 0.976 (0.000) |
| TTP FzHC (ms) | 147.96 (19.67) | 145.96 (20.09) | −5.10, 9.10 | −1.35 | 146.30 (19.36) | 148.70 (23.66) | −13.81, 9.01 | 1.64 | 0.952 (0.000) | 0.900 (0.000) | 0.506 (0.180) |
| Free Moment (negative) × 10−3 | −1.09 (0.44) | −1.01 (0.36) | −0.27, 0.12 | −7.33 | −1.08 (0.64) | −0.82 (0.40) | −0.49, −0.01 | −24.07 | 0.034 (0.569) | 0.308 (0.271) | 0.237 (0.314) |
| Free Moment (positive) × 10−3 | 1.93 (0.56) | 1.92 (0.49) | −0.27, 0.30 | −0.51 | 1.87 (0.43) | 1.74 (0.39) | −0.09, 0.35 | −6.95 | 0.422 (0.211) | 0.154 (0.381) | 0.514 (0.168) |
Notes: FzHC, peak vertical force at heel contact; FzPO, peak vertical force at push-off; FyHC, braking force; FyPO, propulsion force; FxHC, peak lateral force at heel contact; FxPO, peak medial force during the push-off; TTP, time to reach peak; CI, confidence interval. Significant outcomes were highlighted in bold. 95% CI belong to pre and post values.