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. 2022 May 2;10(5):70. doi: 10.3390/sports10050070

Table 3.

Group-specific pre-post data for ground reaction forces during walking at constant speed. Descriptive data are illustrated as means (SD) and 95% confidence intervals.

Ground Reaction Forces Waiting Control Group (n = 30) Intervention Group (n = 30) Significance Level and Effect Size; p-Value with d-Value in Brackets
Pre-Test Post-Test 95% CI ∆% Pre-Test Post-Test 95% CI ∆% Time Group Group × Time
FzHC (% Body weight) 107.38 (11.71) 107.76 (12.84) −3.69, 2.92 0.35 106.16 (9.28) 96.90 (8.19) 4.91, 13.61 −8.72 0.002 (0.873) 0.015 (0.659) 0.001 (0.947)
FzPO (% Body weight) 105.17 (9.07) 109.63 (14.60) −9.43, 0.52 4.24 104.48 (5.87) 103.95 (7.46) −2.34, 3.38 −0.50 0.166 (0.369) 0.137 (0.397) 0.082 (0.464)
FxHC (% Body weight) 11.80 (1.49) 12.10 (1.41) −1.06, 0.47 2.54 11.51 (1.51) 9.41 (1.80) 1.33, 2.87 −18.24 0.001 (0.892) 0.000 (1.291) 0.000 (1.185)
FxPO (% Body weight) −7.21 (2.47) −7.31 (2.68) −1.31, 1.52 1.38 −7.28 (2.32) −7.65 (2.72) −0.62, 1.36 5.08 0.576 (0.142) 0.684 (0.110) 0.757 (0.090)
FyHC (% Body weight) −8.05 (2.44) −8.08 (2.60) −1.05, 1.12 0.37 −8.37 (2.29) −8.03 (2.70) −1.67, 0.99 −4.06 0.719 (0.090) 0.787 (0.063) 0.657 (0.110)
FyPO (% Body weight) 10.13 (4.22) 10.11 (2.84) −1.64, 1.68 −0.19 9.55 (3.24) 9.49 (2.77) −1.42, 1.53 −0.62 0.945 (0.000) 0.371 (0.238) 0.976 (0.000)
TTP FzHC (ms) 147.96 (19.67) 145.96 (20.09) −5.10, 9.10 −1.35 146.30 (19.36) 148.70 (23.66) −13.81, 9.01 1.64 0.952 (0.000) 0.900 (0.000) 0.506 (0.180)
Free Moment (negative) × 10−3 −1.09 (0.44) −1.01 (0.36) −0.27, 0.12 −7.33 −1.08 (0.64) −0.82 (0.40) −0.49, −0.01 −24.07 0.034 (0.569) 0.308 (0.271) 0.237 (0.314)
Free Moment (positive) × 10−3 1.93 (0.56) 1.92 (0.49) −0.27, 0.30 −0.51 1.87 (0.43) 1.74 (0.39) −0.09, 0.35 −6.95 0.422 (0.211) 0.154 (0.381) 0.514 (0.168)

Notes: FzHC, peak vertical force at heel contact; FzPO, peak vertical force at push-off; FyHC, braking force; FyPO, propulsion force; FxHC, peak lateral force at heel contact; FxPO, peak medial force during the push-off; TTP, time to reach peak; CI, confidence interval. Significant outcomes were highlighted in bold. 95% CI belong to pre and post values.