Figure 3.

Biosensors coupled to microdialysis for quantification of clinical analytes. (A) Proof-of-concept design for a wireless, portable bio-instrument to monitor neurochemicals in brain injured patients [47]. Previous work from the same group developed a biosensor setup (B): (I) is the combined needle with a PDMS microfluidic chip placed within a LabSmith automated platform for glucose detection, (II) tip of needle electrode, and (III) potassium ion selective electrode [45]. Similarly, (C) shows a setup as in (B) but includes a lactate biosensor and demonstrates integration with microdialysis in-vivo [50]. (D) Illustration of an optical based sensor integrated with brain microdialysis for brain metabolite monitoring [49]. (E) is another optical based biosensor set up for glucose monitoring in the dialysates of subcutaneous interstitial fluid [66]. Images (A–D) originally appeared in [45,47,49,50], respectively, published Open Access CC BY, copyright The Authors. The diagram in (E) is published with permission of the Publisher and Corresponding Author*; it originally appeared in H. M. Heise*, V. R. Kondepati, U. Damm, M. Licht, F. Feichtner, J.K. Mader, and M. Ellmerer. Microdialysis based monitoring of subcutaneous interstitial and venous blood glucose in type 1 diabetic subjects by mid-infrared spectrometry for intensive insulin therapy. Optical Diagnostics and Sensing VIII, edited by G.L. Cote, A.V. Priezzhev. Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6863, 686308, (2008), 1605–7422/08/$18, doi:10.1117/12.772050 [66].