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. 2022 May 16;14(5):1061. doi: 10.3390/v14051061

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Different types of phage resistance mechanisms affecting WTA structure. The drawing on top represents a hypothetical wild-type strain, which may then display differences in its susceptibility to different phages due to mutational resistance (A), adaptive resistance (B) or prophage-mediated resistance (C). Additionally, some strains may exhibit reduced adsorption of all types of phages if they have a type 1 or 2 capsule (D). R-: resistance to a family of phages, S-: susceptibility to a family of phages. *, α-GlcNAc can mask the WTA backbone and/or β-GlcNAc, which has an impact on the attachment of certain bacteriophages. The box in the top right is the legend for the different symbols of WTA components and modifications.