Table 1.
Immunoaffinity approach integrated with microfluidics technique to capture and detect exosomes.
| Techniques/Approaches | Markers Used for Detection | Sample Used and Its Volume | Detection Sensitivity (LOD) | Yield | Throughput of Isolation [µL/min] | Advantages | Disadvantages | Year of Work Published |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-CD63 functionalized surface with herringbone groves [31] | CD63 | Serum of 100–400 µL | NA | 42–94% | 13.1 | High specificity, Isolation time (~1 h) | Specific only for CD63 | 2010 |
| An array of porous silicon nanowire-on-micropillars [72] | Liposomes (83, 120 nm) | Liposomes of 30 µL | NA | 45–60% | 10 | Trapping is relatively fast (~10 min), high purity recovery of liposomes | Recovery time (~1 day), not validated with clinical samples, and no analysis of cargo protein | 2013 |
| Microarray spots (non-contact printing)—EV array [73] | CD9, CD63, CD81 | Plasma of 1–10 µL | 2.5 × 104 exosomes per sensing spot | NA | NA | Multiplexed—24 analytes per array, highly sensitive and high-throughput | Isolation time (~3 days), the study carried out only on healthy donors | 2013 |
| Microarray spots (contact printing)—EV array [74] | 60 markers simultaneously |
Plasma of 1–10 µL | NA | NA | NA | Multiplexed - >60 analytes per array, higher sensitivity due to the contact printing | Isolation time (~3 days), the study carried out only on healthy donors | 2015 |
| Online mixing in a serpentine channel with immunomagnetic beads [75] | EpCAM,α-IGF-1R, CA125, CD9, CD81, and CD63 | Plasma of 30 µL | 0.28–0.38 pg/mL | 42–97.3% | 2 | High specificity, isolation time (~1.5 h) | Specific for CA 125, EpCAM, and CD24 | 2014 |
| An array of surface-functionalized circular microchambers ExoChip [76] | CD63 and extract total RNA | 400 μL serum | 0.5 pM | 15–18 μg of total proteins | 4 | Easy scale-up, on-chip quantification | low capture capacity, no multiplexity | 2014 |
| Acoustic nanofilter chip [77] | Exosome markers: CD63,flotillin-1, HSP90,HSP70, microvesicles marker:β1-integrin |
10 μL cell culture media and packed RBC | NA | 80–90% | ~0.24 | 90% separation yield, in situ control of size | Specific only for the microvesicles | 2015 |
| Multiplexed continuous mixing in a serpentine channel with immunomagnetic beads (ExoSearch) [78] | CA 125, EpCAM, and CD24 | Plasma of 10 µL–10 mL | 750 exosomes/μL | 90% | 0.8 | Isolation time ~40 min | Specific for CA 125, EpCAM, and CD24 | 2016 |
| Nano-IMEX microfluidic chip with Y-shaped microposts coated with (GO/PDA) [79] | CD9, CD63, CD81, EpCAM | Plasma of 2 µL | ~50 exosomes/μL | NA | 0.05 | Enhanced efficiency, scalability | NA | 2016 |
| Microfluidic device integrated with immunomagneticocapture [80] | EpCAM, HER2 | ~1000 µL Cell culture medium and Patient plasma | NA | NA | 2 | Higher purity and intact yield | NA | 2017 |
| Microfluidic chip integrated with a 3D mixer and streptavidin coated magnetic particles [81] | HSP | 0.2 mL of MCF 7 CCM EVs | NA | 90% | NA | High yield, faster isolation time, isolation time ~20 min | specific only for HSP | 2021 |