Table 2.
Immunoaffinity approach integrated with microfluidics technique and nanoplasmonic detections to capture and detect exosomes.
| Techniques/Approaches | Markers Detected | Sample Used and Its Volume | Detection Sensitivity (LOD) | Yield | Throughput of Isolation [µL/min] | Advantages | Disadvantages | Year of Publication |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Periodic Au nanohole arrays (nPLEX) chip [82] | CD45, CD63, CA125, CA19–9, D2–40, EpCAM, EGFR, HER2, CLDN3, and MUC18 | Ascites of 150 µL | ~3000 exosomes | NA | 8.3 | Isolation time (~30 min) | NA | 2014 |
| Microfluidic device with AC-EHD-induced [83] | HER2, CD9, PSA | Serum of 500 µL | ~2760 exosomes/μL | NA | 4.2 | Multiplexed sensing, 3-fold enrichment in detection sensitivity compared to a normal hydrodynamic flow | NA | 2014 |
| Printed antibody microarray on an Au coated surface (SPRi) [84] | CD9, CD41, CD63, CD82, EpCAM, and E-cadherin | Cell culture supernatant (CCS) exosomes | ~4.87 × 107 exosomes/cm2 |
NA | NA | Real-time, label-free, and quantitative method | No multiplexity | 2014 |
| Au nano-island microfluidic device using LSPR [85,86] | HSP | 100 µL of MCF7 cell culture media (CCM) exosomes | NA | NA | NA | Label-free technique | Specific for HSP | 2018 |
| Au nanoplasmonic array for LSPR based digitalized detection (LSPRi) [87] | CD 63 | MCF7 secreted exosomes (1× 105 exosomes/mL) | 3 fold | NA | NA | Multiplexed measurements, one exosome can be detected and individually imaged in real-time | NA | 2018 |
| Nano-ellipsoid arrays integrated with a microfluidic chip using LSPR [88] | CD63 | Lyophilized exosomes | 1 ng/mL | NA | NA | Low-cost, time-saving, and applicable to large areas | NA | 2019 |