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. 2022 May 9;12(5):504. doi: 10.3390/membranes12050504

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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pH response mechanism for MO_x. (A) Schematic representation of the site–binding theory to illustrate the response mechanism for MO_x–based pH sensors. (B) The formation of the EDL structure on the surface of MO_x. Reprinted with permission from [34], Copyright (2020) Elsevier. (C) Schematic illustration of the charge distribution at ZnO for (a) nanorod and (b) nanotube structures. Reprinted with permission from [98], Copyright (2009) MDPI. (D) The thickness dependence of pH sensitivity for WO₃. (E) pH response model according to typical SC–ISEs, including the surface hydration layer (H⁺ recognition) and bulk ion–to–electron transducer layer. (F) Limited hydration for coated WO₃ nanoparticles. (G) Complete hydration by the proton intercalation of WO₃. Reprinted with permission from [109], Copyright (2022) John Wiley and Sons publications.