Table 1.

Examples of nutrient components on the circadian clock across tissues.

Nutrient/Dietary Components	Examples	Effect on the AT Clock	References
Fat	Whole diet	Circadian period lengthening, accompanied by an increase in food intake during the light phase and a change in AT clock gene expression in male mice, resulting in a misalignment of the circadian clock across tissues of the body.	[2,47,48]
	Ingredients: Palmitate	Clock modulation in undifferentiated and differentiated NIH3T3 cells.	[49]
	Fat derivates: Free fatty acids	Natural ligands for PPARα, PPARγ and RORs, directly affecting clock gene expression	[50,51]
Sugar	30% sugar dissolved in water	Restricted access during the dark phase limits the body weight gain in rats	[52]
	Fructose	Restricted access during the dark phase limits the AT expansion in mice	[53]
Restricted access	Western diet	Restricted access during the dark phase limits the body weight gain and AT expansion in rodents, while restores the glucose tolerance and diurnal rhythms of metabolic regulators	[54,55,56]
	Chow diet	Restricted access during the dark phase limits the body weight gain and AT expansion in rodents	[52,53]
Polyphenols	Resveratrol	Increases SIRT1activity, modulates circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature, and reverse adipose tissue-specific circadian gene expression changes induced by a high fat diet	[57,58,59]
	Procanthocyanidins (PAs)	Modulate the expression of clock-core and clock-controlled genes in mesenteric AT of healthy and obese rats, including BMAL1, Clock, Rorα, Rev-erbα, PER2 and Nampt.	[60]
	Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)	Restores BMAL1 rhythmic expression in BAT concomitant with a metabolic improvement in DIO mice	[61]
	Nobiletin (NOB)	Reduces fat mass and white adipocyte cell size in vivo	[62]
Natural alkaloids	Caffeine	Lengthens the period of BMAL1 expression in NIH3T3 cells	[63]
	Harmine		[64]
	Lycorine		[65]
Passionflower extract		Induces high-amplitude rhythms in the expression of PER2 and CRY1 in NIH3T3 cells	[66]
Endogenous biomolecules (metabolites, precursors)	Polyamines	PERiod shortening and stimulation of BMAL1 and Rev-erbα synthesis in NIH3T3 cells	[67,68]
	Retinoic acid	Ligand for RORα. Induction of PER1 and PER2 expression in NIH3T3 cells	[69,70]
	Heme	Ligand for REV-ERBα	[69]