Table 1.

Examples of co-chaperone functions in mutant proteins causing metabolic diseases.

Disease	Mutated Protein	Co-Chaperone	Function	Reference
Alzheimer’s disease	Amyloid β-protein	ERdj3 ERdj4	Chaperoning Chaperoning	[69] [69]
α1-Antitrypsin disease (AATD)	α1-Antitrypsin	ERdj3	Chaperoning	[70,71,72,73]
Diabetes	Insulin	ERdj4 ERdj4 ERdj5	Chaperoning ERAD ERAD	[74] [67,75] [67]
Gaucher’s disease	β-Glucocerebroside	ERdj3	ERAD	[68]
Cystic fibrosis	Transmembrane conductive regulator protein
	Chloride channel	ERdj3 ERdj4	? ERAD	[76] [76]
	ENaC channel	ERdj3 ERdj4	ERAD ERAD	[77] [77]
Interstitial lung disease (ILD)	Surfactant protein-C	ERdj4 ERdj5	ERAD ERAD	[67] [67]

“?”, needs to be confirmed in future studies.