Figure 3.

Effects of the methanol extract of M. sirikitiae leaves on LPS-induced PGE₂ and TNF-α secretion in RAW 264.7 cells; Serum-starved cells were pretreated with various concentrations of 0, 1, and 10 µg/mL of crude methanol extract for 3 h, and then stimulated with LPS (5 µg/mL) for 24 h at 37 °C. The levels of PGE₂ and TNF-α secreted into the medium were assessed by ELISA assay. The PGE₂ (A) and TNF-α (B) levels were quantified using a standard curve and expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 3). *, p < 0.05 vs. vehicle; #, p < 0.05 vs. LPS.