Table 3.
Esterified starch derived adhesives. The properties are reported relatively to those of corresponding native starches.
| Starch | Modification | Properties | Utilization | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cassava | Esterification using dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA) as reactant and polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate (PAPI) | Improved bonding strength and water resistance of esterified starch adhesive | Adhesive film for plywood | [30] |
| Cassava | Grafted with olein monomer (vinyl acetate; VAc and butyl acrylate; BA as co-monomer) | Enhanced the storage stability of starch wood adhesive and glass transition temperature | Wood adhesive | [73] |
| Cassava | Grafted with different typrs of acrylic ester | Improved performance and shear strength under both dry and wet conditions | Wood adhesive | [48] |
| Cassava | Esterification with acid in bio-oil and grafted copolymerization with vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate | Lower viscosities, improved shelf life and mildew resistance of bio-adhesive | Wood adhesive | [78] |
| High amylose corn starch (HACS) | Esterification using propionic anhydride as agent and catalytic 4-dimethyl aminopyridine (DMAP) | Surface area of HACS was increased with improved stability, hydrophobicity, and adhesion strength | Hot melt adhesive bonded Al plate | [76] |
| Corn | Esterification using maleic anhydride | Improved shear strength and thermal stability | Wood adhesive | [79] |
| Corn | Grafted with vinyl acetate and crosslinked with N-methylol acrylamide | Improved water resistance and can be used in hot pressimg processes | Wood-based panel adhesive | [80] |
| Corn | Addition of sucrose fatty acid ester | Enhanced shear-thinning, solid-like behavior, and anti-retrodegradation of starch | Wood adhesive | [81] |
| Corn | Esterification with phthalic anhydride in DMF | Reduced viscosity and thermal decomposition | Adhesive | [82] |
| Waxy corn | Grafted with vinyl acetate | Increased shear strength under both dry and wet conditions | Wood adhesive | [77] |
| Potato | Transesterification with natural oil and combined with toluene 2,4-diisocyanate | Good resistance to cold and hot water, moderate resistance to acid and weak resistance to akali | Polyurethane (PU) adhesive for wood | [83] |