Table 4.
Linear associations of anterior segment parameters with different perinatal parameters for the sample of the Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study.
| First Break-Up Time < 20 s (yes) | Univariate | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR [95% CI] | p | B [95% CI] | p | B [95% CI] | p | |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 0.981 (0.947; 1.017) | 0.29 | - | - | - | - |
| Birth weight (kg) | 0.878 (0.750; 1.028) | 0.88 | * | * | * | * |
| Birth weight percentile | 0.994 (0.988; 1.000) | 0.057 | - | - | - | - |
| ROP (yes) | 1.813 (1.083; 3.036) | 0.024 | - | - | 1.425 (0.783; 2.591) | 0.25 |
| ROP treatment (yes) | 4.711 (1.463; 15.17) | 0.009 | - | - | 4.421 (1.200; 16.28) | 0.025 |
| Placental insufficiency (yes) | 1.204 (0.617; 2.349) | 0.59 | - | - | - | - |
| Preeclampsia (yes) | 1.389 (0.896; 2.153) | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| Breastfeeding (yes) | 0.962 (0.711; 1.301) | 0.80 | - | - | - | - |
| Smoking pregnancy (yes) | 1.144 (0.623; 2.103) | 0.66 | - | - | - | - |
| Bulbar redness | B [95% CI] | p | B [95% CI] | p | B [95% CI] | p |
| Gestational age (weeks) | −0.018 (−0.03; −0.006) | 0.004 | −0.019 (−0.030; −0.008) | <0.001 | −0.015 (−0.027; −0.003) | 0.011 |
| Birth weight (kg) | −0.076 (−0.127; −0.026) | 0.003 | * | * | * | * |
| Birth weight percentile | −0.002 (−0.003; 0) | 0.098 | - | - | - | - |
| ROP (yes) | 0.202 (−0.001; 0.405) | 0.05 | - | - | 0.108 (−0.102; 0.319) | 0.31 |
| ROP treatment (yes) | 0.147 (−0.097; 0.390) | 0.24 | - | - | - | - |
| Placental insufficiency (yes) | −0.067 (−0.255; 0.121) | 0.49 | - | - | - | - |
| Preeclampsia (yes) | 0.055 (−0.098; 0.207) | 0.48 | - | - | - | - |
| Breastfeeding (yes) | −0.087 (−0.193; 0.018) | 0.10 | - | - | - | - |
| Smoking pregnancy (yes) | −0.135 (−0.328; 0.058) | 0.17 | - | - | - | - |
| Wetting Schirmer test (mm) | B [95% CI] | p | B [95% CI] | p | B [95% CI] | p |
| Gestational age (weeks) | −1.067 (−1.638; −0.496) | <0.001 | −0.692 (−1.158; −0.226) | 0.003 | ||
| Birth weight (kg) | −4.918 (−7.330; −2.506) | 0.001 | * | * | ||
| Birth weight percentile | 0.048 (−0.068; 0.163) | 0.41 | - | - | ||
| ROP (yes) | 3.0 (−3.137; 9.137) | 0.34 | - | - | ||
| ROP treatment (yes) | 3.0 (−13.203; 19.203) | 0.22 | - | - | ||
| Placental insufficiency (yes) | 12.0 (1.259; 22.74) | 0.029 | 8.596 (4.643; 12.55) | <0.001 | ||
| Preeclampsia (yes) | 0.0 (−10.73; 10.73) | 1.0 | - | - | ||
| Breastfeeding (yes) | 3.0 (−2.514; 8.515) | 0.29 | - | - | ||
| Smoking pregnancy (yes) | 8.0 (−1.875; 17.87) | 0.11 | - | - | ||
| Nasal palpebral angle (degree) | B [95% CI] | p | B [95% CI] | p | B [95% CI] | p |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 0.266 (0.098; 0.435) | 0.002 | 0.220 (0.050; 0.390) | 0.011 | 0.142 (0.039; 0.323) | 0.125 |
| Birth weight (kg) | 1.159 (0.418; 1.9) | 0.002 | * | * | * | * |
| Birth weight percentile | 0.019 (−0.009; 0.048) | 0.19 | - | - | - | - |
| ROP (yes) | −3.643 (−5.998; −1.288) | 0.002 | - | - | −2.384 (−4.986; 0.219) | 0.073 |
| ROP treatment (yes) | −5.175 (−11.934; 1.584) | 0.13 | - | - | - | - |
| Placental insufficiency (yes) | −0.555 (−4.721; 3.611) | 0.79 | - | - | - | - |
| Preeclampsia (yes) | 2.31 (0.107; 4.513) | 0.040 | 2.360 (0.177; 4.544) | 0.034 | 2.492 (0.320; 4.664) | 0.025 |
| Breastfeeding (yes) | −0.668 (−2.098; 0.762) | 0.36 | - | - | - | - |
| Smoking pregnancy (yes) | 0.622 (−2.422; 3.667) | 0.69 | - | - | - | - |
B—Beta; CI—confidence interval; mm—millimeter. Linear regression analysis using generalized estimating equations to control for correlations between right and left eyes for normally distributed parameters. Binary logistic regression analyses were used for the parameter BUT < 20 s and quantile regression analyses for wetting of the Schirmer test (mm). Model 1 included sex (female), age (years), and univariate associated factors ≤ 0.05 but not ROP occurrence and treatment. * Birth weight (kg) was not included in this model due to the high correlation with gestational age. Model 2 included sex (female), age (years), gestational age (weeks), and univariate associated factors ≤ 0.05 and ROP occurrence and ROP treatment (if associated in univariate analyses).