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. 2022 May 19;13(5):475. doi: 10.3390/insects13050475

Table 1.

Summary table of pest management techniques for strawberry pests.

Strawberry Pest Management References
Thrips
Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood
Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande		 Biological Control
Predators:

  • Neoseiulus cucumeris Oudemans,

  • Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Womersley),

  • Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot,

  • Orius spp.,

  • Thripinema spp.

Cultural Control
Eliminating the alternative host or weeds
Chemical Control

  • spinetoram,

  • cyantraniliprole,

  • flupyradifurone,

  • imidacloprid + lambda,

  • cyhalothrin, bifenthrin,

  • neem extract

 [18,19,20]






[16]


[10,21]



[22]
Mites
Tetranychus urticae Koch



















Phytonemus pallidus Banks		 Physical Control
Steam treatment at 48 °C for 2.7 h for adults and 1.9 h for eggs.
Biological Control
Predators:
Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot.
Neoseiulus californicus McGregor
Biopesticides:

  • Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52,

  • Isaria fumosoroseus Apopka strain 97,

  • heat-killed Burkholderia rinojensis strain A396,

  • heat-killed Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1

Chemical Control

  • azadirachtin,

  • paraffinic oil,

  • potassium salts of fatty acids,

  • unsulfonated residue of petroleum oil,

  • neem oil



Physical Control
Steam treatment at 46 °C for 6.5 min
Biological Control
Predators:

  • Neoseiulus californicus McGregor,

  • Neoseiulus cucumeris Oudemans

 [32]


[26,33,100]


[34,35,36]
Tarnished Plant Bug
Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois)
Lygus rugulipennis Poppius		 Physical Control
Tractor-mounted suction machines
Biological Control

  • Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin

  • Anaphes iole Girault

Cultural Control
Trap crop, Medicago sativa L.
Chemical Control

  • hexyl butyrate + phenylacetaldehyde for Push-Pull Strategy


  • flupyradifurone,

  • novaluron,

  • flonicamid,

  • pyrethroids,

  • organophosphates,

  • neonicotinoids

 [54,55,56]


[51]

[53]

[41,58,59]

[52]


[49,50]
Beetles
Sap Beetles
Haptoncus luteolus (Erichson), Lobiopa insularis (Castelnau), Carpophilus fumatus Boheman, Stelidota geminate (Say)




Weevils
Otiorhynchus sulcatus F., O. ovatus L., O. singularis L., Otiorhynchus cribricollis Gyllenhal, Pantomorus cervinus Boheman, Nemocestes incomptus Horn, Barypeithes pellucidus Boheman, Sciopithes obscurus L.






Anthonomus rubi Herbst










Popillia japonica Newman, Anomala orientalis Waterhouse, Amphimallon majalis Razoumowsky, Maladera castanea Arrow
Host Plant Resistance
Cultivars with ripe fruits not touching the ground
Cultural Control
Field sanitation by removal of ripe fruits
Chemical Control

  • Pyrethroids

  • Limiting fungicide application by using environmental- model-based spray program.



Biological Control
Entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema kraussei (Steiner, 1923)
Host Plant Resistance
Cultivar “Symphony” showed lower feeding and oviposition.
Cultural Control
Strawberry bed sanitation by removal of weeds and grass.
Chemical Control

  • Pyrethroids



Physical Control

  • Yellow sticky card combined with synthetic attractants for adult monitoring and mass trapping.

  • Periodic removal of severed buds or adults.

Biological Control

  • Braconidae

  • Pteromalus swederus



Cultural Control
Crop rotation with “Saia” oats, Avena strigosa Schreb and “Garry” oats, Avena sativa L.
Chemical Control

  • Neem Oil

  • Insecticidal Soaps
[63]

[62]

[62]

[67]



[68,71]










[76]


[77]

[74]


[71,78]
Spotted Wing Drosophila
Drosophila suzukii Matsumura		 Physical control
Utilizing ultraviolet light; blue-green light spectrum (430–565 nm)

Biological control
Orius insidiosus (Say) along with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar		 [83]



[85]
Aphids and Whiteflies
Aphid spp.





Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood
Bemisia tabaci Gennadius		 Biological Control

  • Aphelinus varipes (Foerster)

  • Aphidius colemani Viereck

  • Syrphid flies

  • Green lacewings

  • Lady beetles



Physical Control
Irradiation of boxed fresh fruits with gamma rays (100 Gy)
Biological Control

  • Isaria fumosorosea (Wize)

  • Syrphid flies

  • Green lacewings

  • Lady beetles
[88]





[89]


[90]
Seed Bug
Neopamera bilobata Say
 Cultural Control
Intercropping with garlic or undercropping with Chinese chives

Host plant resistance
Traditional plant breeding for varieties with seeds recessed into the fruit

[96]

[95]
Lepidopteran Pests
Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)







Duponchelia fovealis Zeller





Acleris comariana (Lienig and Zeller)
Physical control
Deploying pheromone traps
Biological control
Predator:
Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck)
Biopesticide:
Commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis

Biological control
Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin along with Podisus nigrispinus Dallas and Harmonia axyridis Pallas

Cultural Control
Improve strawberry cropping practices as less pest pressure experienced in organic strawberry and newer fields compared to conventional strawberry and older fields

[26]

[71,97]




[6]




[99]