Table 1.

Established mechanisms of antibacterial activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) against toxigenic E. coli strains.

E. coli Strain	LAB Species, Strain	Source/Model System	Agent/Bioactive Molecule	Mode of Action	References
O157:H7	Lc. casei strain Shirota, L. acidophilus YIT 0070	Yakult, Japan	Low pH, undissociated lactic acid	Growth inhibitory and bactericidal activities	[69]
O157:H7	L. lactis	Raw chicken meat	H2O2	Growth inhibition	[72]
O127:H6	Li. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475, ATCC 53608	Human, pig	Adhesins MUB, CmbA, MapA	Mucus layer binding and E. coli adherence decrease	[73]
O157:H7	Li. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475	Germfree mice	Reuterin	Decreased E. coli colonization, amended necrosis of the kidneys	[74]
O157:H7	L. acidophilus NP51	Cattle	Reuterin	Effective reduction of E. coli in cattle feces	[75]
EDL933	Lc. casei LC wt, LC CLA	Batch fermentation	Conjugated linoleic acid	Downregulation of EHEC virulence genes	[76]