Table 6.

Major studies of LAB-mediated mycotoxin-related detoxification.

Target Toxin	LAB Strain	Mechanism of Action	Maximum effectiveness	References
Aflatoxin B1
	L. amylovorus CSCC 5197 and CSCC 5160, Lc. rhamnosus Lc1/3	Probable adsorption on the cell surface	>50% AFB1 bound from solution, but reversibly	[209]
	Lc. rhamnosus LBGG and LC-705	None proposed	80% removal from liquid media, very rapidly	[210]
	Lc. paracasei LOCK 0920, Lev. brevis LOCK 9044, Lp. plantarum LOCK 0945	None proposed	39–55% decrease, depending on the initial concentration of AFB1	[211]
	Lactococcus lactis, Lp. plantarum	Low-molecular proteins involved, possibly bacteriocins	81% combined, 27–46% separately	[212]
	L. kefiri KFLM3	Toxin-binding on the cell surface	80% decrease in milk, 0% in MRS	[213]
	Lev. brevis NM101-1, Lc. paracasei ABRIINW.F58	Antifungal compounds caused 52–80% transcriptional inhibition of the omt-A gene, a key player in the biosynthesis of AFB1	90–96% reduction of the AFB1 production by A. flavus and A. parasiticus	[214]
	Levilactobacillus spp. 2QB383, Lp. plantarum 1QB147, 1QB314 and 3QB350	Toxin binding is assumed for the reduced amounts; no mechanism proposed for the reduced production	>50% reduced amount by inactivated strains in PPB *; >50% reduced production in YES broth at 25 °C	[215]
Ochratoxin A
	Str. thermophilus T4, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LB-51	None proposed	Complete elimination of 0.5 mg/L in milk; 36 and 26% drop with 1.0 and 1.5 mg/L	[216]
	L. bulgaricus 259/2 and 171/2	None proposed	Up to 94% detoxification, but very much strain-dependent	[217]
	Lc. rhamnosus GG, L. acidophilus CH-5, L. helveticus 8, Lactococcus lactis 202	Toxin binding on the cell surface is assumed, another mechanism hypothesized	60–87% decrease, rapid process but partially reversible	[218]
	L. acidophilus VM 20	Toxin-binding on the cell surface	96–97% decrease for 4 h	[219]
	P. parvulus UTAD 473	Degradation by putative peptidase	100% degradation in MRS for 7 days at 30 °C	[220]
	Lb. kefiri KFLM3	Toxin-binding on the cell surface	81% decrease in milk, 15% in MRS	[213]
	Lc. rhamnosus CECT 749, Lp. plantarum CECT 749 and CECT 288, Lc. casei CECT 4045, Lc. casei CECT 4040, L. bulgaricus CECT 4005	>90% degradation by proteolytic activity; very little adsorption	97–99% in MRS at pH 6.5	[221]
	Lp. plantarum 3QB361	Toxin-binding on cell surface assumed	~60% reduced amount by inactivated strain in PPB	[215]
Patulin
	Lev. brevis 20023	Adsorption on the cell wall	65% adsorption	[222]
	Lp. plantarum ATCC 8014	Adsorption on the cell wall, proteins mediated	96% decrease in apple juice during 6 weeks of cold storage	[223]
	L. kefiranofaciens JKSP109	Adsorption on the cell wall	93% removal at pH 4.6 and 15° Brix	[224]
Deoxynivalenol
	Lp. plantarum GT III	Adsorption assumed; metabolic degradation suggested	67% reduction by unviable cells (sterilized)	[225]
	Lc. paracasei LHZ-1	Cell wall adsorption confirmed as the major mechanism	40.7% reduction by the cell wall fraction, only 10.5 & 8.9% by SN or cellular lysate	[226]
Fumonisins
	Lactococcus lactis, L. delbrueckii	Toxin-binding on the cell surface	75% recovery from spiked maize meal after 4 days	[227]
	Lp. paraplantarum CNRZ 1885, Str. thermophilus RAR1	Toxin binding was assumed; the role of peptidoglycan confirmed	19–37% bound FB1, 65–76% FB2, both after TCA treatment	[228]
Zearalenone
	Lactococcus lactis, L. delbrueckii	Toxin binding assumed	68% recovery from spiked maize meal after 4 days	[227]
	Lp. plantarum A1	Toxin-binding on the cell surface	99% immediately, 77% after 72 h	[229]
	Lb. kefiri KFLM3	Toxin-binding on the cell surface	100% decrease in milk, 60% in MRS	[213]
	Lactococcus lactis	Surface adsorption assumed, interactions with surface proteins and intracellular uptake	90% bound in the first 20 min	[230]
	Lp. plantarum 3QB361	Toxin-binding on the cell surface	70–80% amount reduction by inactivated strain in PPB	[215]

* Abbreviations: PPB, Potassium Phosphate Buffer; YES, Yeast Extract Sucrose; MRS, De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe medium; AFB₁, aflatoxin B₁; SN, supernatant; FB₁ and FB₂, fumonisins B₁ and B₂; TCA, Trichloroacetic Acid.