Table 1.

Various ligands and venom peptides (activators/inhibitors) of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel.

Ligands	Binding Region	Binding Type	Pain Condition	Reference
Capsaicin	Vanilloid-binding pocket	Hydrogen, Van der Waals bond	Pain sensation	[73,74,75]
RTX	Vanilloid-binding pocket	Hydrogen bond	Pain sensation	[73,76]
Proton	Outer pore domain	Hydrogen bond	Pain sensation	[36]
Double-knot toxin (DkTx)	Outer pore domain	Hydrophobic interaction	Pain sensation	[6,54,68,70,71,77,78]
Vanillotoxins (VaTx1–3)	Outer pore domain	Electrostatic interaction	Pain sensation	[5,6,14]
Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans toxin RhTx	Outer pore domain	Electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions	Pain sensation	[2,79,80]
Pain-inducing peptide (BmP01)	Outer pore domain	Electrostatic interaction	Pain sensation	[5,81,82]
Analgesic polypeptide Heteractis crispa (APHC) toxin	Outer pore domain	No direct evidence	Analgesic action	[83,84,85,86]
Heteractis crispa RG 21 (HCRG21)	Outer pore domain	No direct evidence	Analgesic action	[87,88]