Table 4.

Test functions results.

Function	Algorithm	Average Value	Standard Deviation
f1	Improved GWO	0	0
	PSO	3.125 × 10−2	2.716 × 10−2
	SSA	1.891 × 10−257	0
	MA	1.711 × 10−43	4.254 × 10−43
f2	Improved GWO	0	0
	PSO	1.416 × 10−1	3.581−1
	SSA	1.435 × 10−93	8.487 × 10−93
	MA	2.255 × 102	8.183 × 102
f3	Improved GWO	0	0
	PSO	7.225 × 10−2	5.331 × 10−1
	SSA	2.821 × 10−180	0
	MA	7.318 × 10−5	5149 × 10−4
f4	Improved GWO	0	0
	PSO	9.225 × 10−2	1.153 × 10−1
	SSA	1.354 × 10−93	6.81 × 10−93
	MA	8.154 × 10−7	6.518 × 10−5
f5	Improved GWO	2.867 × 101	2.611 × 10−2
	PSO	1.314 × 102	1.795 × 102
	SSA	2.327 × 10−3	2.189 × 10−3
	MA	4.501 × 10−1	5.587 × 10−1
f6	Improved GWO	6.533	2.801 × 10−1
	PSO	8.792 × 105	9.782 × 105
	SSA	1.047 × 101	4.772
	MA	3.128 × 101	8.791 × 102
f7	Improved GWO	2.961 × 10−7	2.373 × 10−7
	PSO	2.561 × 10−1	7.844 × 10−1
	SSA	1.144 × 10−4	3.581 × 10−3
	MA	3.254 × 10−2	4.358 × 10−1
f8	Improved GWO	0	0
	PSO	3.015	2.641
	SSA	8.161 × 10−185	1.254 × 10−186
	MA	2.271 × 10−45	5.174 × 10−44
f9	Improved GWO	8.881 × 10−16	1.604 × 10−16
	PSO	3.712 × 10−2	2.816 × 10−1
	SSA	8.881 × 10−16	0
	MA	4.213 × 10−10	1.576 × 10−9
f10	Improved GWO	0	0
	PSO	5.001 × 10−3	2.655 × 10−1
	SSA	4.114 × 10−210	3.241 × 10−211
	MA	5.260 × 10−140	0
f11	Improved GWO	2.1331 × 10−3	6.8945 × 10−3
	PSO	1.8741	4.4411
	SSA	1.496 × 10−2	2.106 × 10−2
	MA	2.714 × 10−1	1.954 × 10−17
f12	Improved GWO	1.292 × 10−2	7.6012 × 10−2
	PSO	8.4152	8.3372
	SSA	7.346 × 10−1	1.355 × 10−2
	MA	8.214	1.245 × 10−2
f13	Improved GWO	2.4457 × 10−6	6.3641 × 10−6
	PSO	1.052 × 102	1.2362
	SSA	1.232 × 10−3	1.571 × 10−4
	MA	3.247 × 10−3	5.014 × 10−3
f14	Improved GWO	3.1337 × 10−3	1.1184 × 10−3
	PSO	3.958 × 10−1	1.541 × 10−2
	SSA	9.001 × 10−2	0
	MA	3.971 × 10−1	6.051 × 10−1
f15	Improved GWO	2.4467 × 10−13	1.0871 × 10−14
	PSO	7.1522	9.142 × 101
	SSA	4.701 × 10−7	3.147 × 10−8
	MA	5.445 × 10−2	4.401 × 10−2