Table 3.
Summary of beta diversity analyses. Notably, there was a significant difference in microbiome composition between patients with CKD versus no CKD (p = 0.007), mild versus severe LUTS assessed by IPSS (p = 0.041) and between those who were administered single-dose antibiotics versus those with no prophylaxis (p = 0.001) (Figure 2).
| n | PIME OTUs | R2 | PERMANOVA p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (≥75 years) | 50 | 29 | 0.015 | 0.727 |
| Hypertension | 50 | 29 | 0.017 | 0.574 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 50 | 9 | 0.027 | 0.203 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 46 | 22 | 0.054 | 0.007 |
| Dyslipidemia | 50 | 29 | 0.021 | 0.364 |
| Obesity | 48 | 155 | 0.016 | 0.724 |
| Current smoker | 40 | 21 | 0.021 | 0.630 |
| Ureteric stent | 58 | 14 | 0.017 | 0.448 |
| Post-void residual urine | 34 | 29 | 0.018 | 0.806 |
| Insignificant growth | 50 | 29 | 0.019 | 0.547 |
| IPSS (mild vs. severe) | 39 | 13 | 0.083 | 0.041 |
| IIEF-5 | 35 | 14 | 0.033 | 0.331 |
| Preoperative antibiotics | 50 | 29 | 0.062 | 0.001 |
n: number of samples with clinical information available entering the analysis; IPSS: International Prostate Symptom Score; IIEF-5: International Index of Erectile Function; PIME OTUs: number of OTUs classified by the Prevalence in Microbiome Analysis; algorithm as key for dissimilarities among groups based on their prevalence; R2: the proportion of total variability of the samples that is explained by the PIME OTUs.