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. 2022 Apr 22;10(5):879. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10050879

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Deletion of rpoE reduces Escherichia coli K1 binding to and invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). (A) The binding and invasion abilities of ΔrpoE and crpoE strains were calculated relative to those of the wild-type (WT) strain. (B) Growth of RS218 WT and ΔrpoE strains in brain-heart infusion (BHI) medium. (C) Number of bacterial cells per each HBMEC determined in random fields of fluorescent actin staining (FAS) in a binding assay. Average of at least 50 cells is shown (left). Scale bar, 5 μm. (D) Number of bacterial cells per HBMEC determined in random fields of FAS in an invasion assay. Average of at least 50 cells is shown (left). Actin cytoskeleton (red) and nuclei (blue) of the HBMECs, and bacterium (green) are shown. Scale bar, 20 μm. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 by Student’s t-test. ns, not significant.