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. 2022 May 18;27(10):3222. doi: 10.3390/molecules27103222

Table 1.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by plant extracts.

Compounds Plant Material Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Investigation Methods Determination of Plant Extract Components Method IC50 Reference
Gigantelline, gigantellinine and gigancrinine, cherylline- and crinine-type
Amarylidaceae alkaloids
Crinum jagus
bulbs
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate Separation by preparative TLC and identification by NMR From 1.83 μM for gigantellinine to 174.90 μM for sanguinine [72]
Flavonol triglycosides Maytenus robusta
leaves
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate and docking study TLC, LC-UV-Vis, LC-MS [73]
Oxoprotoberberine alkaloid and flavone Miliusa thorelii
stem, root and leaves
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate and docking study Separation by TLC and column chromatography and identification by NMR and MS - [74]
Diterpenoid alkaloids Aconitum anthoroideum whole plant Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate Separation by column chromatography and identification by NMR From 0.065 μM for hetisinone to >100 μM for anthoroisine H [75]
Monoterpene indole alkaloids Rauvolfia vomitoria
leaves
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate and docking study Separation by TLC, column chromatography and identification by NMR From 16.39 μM for rauvomitorine III to 186.62 μM for normacusine B [76]
Polymethylated acylphloroglucinols Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
twigs and leaves
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate Separation by semi-preparative HPLC and identification by NMR From 8.68 μM for rhotomentosone E to 46.58 μM for rhodomentone A [77]
Acylphloroglucinols Eucalyptus robusta
fruits
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate and docking study Separation by semi-preparative HPLC and identification by NMR From 2.55 μM for eucalyprobusones E and F to >40 μM for eucalyprobusal A–E and eucalyprobusone B [78]
Flavanonol glucosides Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb.
aerial parts
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate Separation by column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC, identification by NMR From 76.59 μM for (2S,3R)-dihydrokaempferol 3-O-b-D-glucoside to 97.53 μM for (2R,3S)-taxifolin 3-O-b-
D-glucoside
[79]
Phenolic compounds Ficus sycomorus L.
leaf and stem bark
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate LC/MS - [80]
Phenolic compounds, triterpenes Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum africanum, Ocimum americanum and Ocimum minimum
leaves
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate UPLC–MS From 2.571 mg/mL for Ocimum americanum to 31.42 mg/mL for Ocimum minimum [81]
Alkaloids: galantamine, pseudolycorine, sanguinine and narciclasine Hippeastrum elegans bulbs Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate UPLC- MS and NMR From 4.9 to 33.7 μg/mL for the different harvest time [82]
Phenolic compounds Stachys annua
leaves
Ellman method LC-MS/MS 119.8 μg/mL for methanolic and 150.1 μg/mL for water extracts [83]
Phenolic compounds Rhaponticoides iconiensis
flowers, leaves and roots
Ellman method LC-MS/MS and NMR - [84]
Phenolic compounds Sarcocephalus latifolius
bark
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate GC-MS - [85]
Stilbenoids Rheum lhasaense
roots
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate Semi-preparative HPLC, NMR From 2.18 μM for 4′-methoxy-scirpusin A l to 1709 μM for resveratrol [86]
(E)-β-caryophyllene,
a-pinene, bicyclogermacrene,
α-pinene, β-pinene and myrcene
Gynura bicolor leaves and stems Ellman method GC-MS - [87]
Coumarins, flavonoids and b-sitosterol Ferulago carduchorum
aerial parts
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate TLC, column chromatography, NMR For 39.64 μM for xanthotoxin to 854.05 μM for suberosin [88]
Alkaloids Hippeastrum
Vitattum bulbs, Hippeastrum striatum bulbs, Hippeastrum morelianum bulbs, Hippeastrum santacarina bulbs,
Hippeastrum breviflorum bulbs, Hippeastrum glaucescens bulbs and leaves, Hippeastrum psittacinum bulbs and leaves
and Rhodophiala
bifida bulbs
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate and molecular docking study GC-MS, NMR From 0.33 μg/mL for Hippeastrum glaucescens bulbs to 8.45 μg/mL for Rhodophiala bifida bulbs [89]
Phenolic compounds Evolvulus alsinoides
leaves
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate GC-MS From 4.46 μg/mL for water extract to 7.55 μg/mL for chloroformic extract [90]
Gallic acid derivative,
hydroxybenzoic acid derivative and rutin
Olax nana
whole plant
Ellman method HPLC–DAD 33.2 μg/mL for crude methanolic extract [91]
Phytol derivative and cinnamic acid ester Pycnanthus
Angolensis
leaves
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate TLC 22.26 μg/mL for eluptol and 6.51 μg/mL for omifoate A [92]
Lycorine Hippeastrum goianum
seeds
Ellman method HPLC–DAD 386.00 μg/mL for ethanol extracts obtained from dry leaves of plantlets produced
by in vitro seed germination and 114.80 μg/mL for micropropagation
of bulblets
[93]
Chlorogenic acid, limonene Crithmum maritimum flowers, stems and leaves Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate HPLC–DAD - [94]
Polyphenols Salvia pilifera
aerial parts
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate LC-MS/MS 138.61 μg/mL for water extract and 94.93 μg/mL for methanol extracts [95]
Phytol, neophytadiene,
decamethylene dibromide, crodacid, stigma-5-en-3-ol
Nonea micrantha
whole plant
Ellman method GC-MS From 44 μg/mL for n-hexane extract to 1035 μg/mL for chloroform extract [96]
Phenylpropanoids,
cinchonains, procyanidins
Trichilia catigua
bark
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate TLC, HPLC-DAD-MS/MS From 142 μg/mL for hydroalcoholic extract to 346 μg/mL for hexane extract [97]
Phenolic compounds Hypericum lydium
aerial part
Ellman method GC-MS - [98]
Carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinenecarvacrol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene Thymus algeriensis leaves and Teucrium polium aerial parts Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate GC-MS 98.84 μg/mL for Thymus algeriensis and 261.97 μg/mL for Teucrium polium [99]
Chlorogenic acid, cynarin and arzanol Helichrysum
Stoechas
flowers, stems, and leaves
Ellman method and molecular docking study LC-MS/MS 260.7 μg/mL for flover extract and 654.8 7 μg/mL for stem/leaves extract [100]
Phenolic compounds Zizyphus lotus
seeds
Ellman method LC-MS/MS 0.88 mg/mL for phenolic yields of seeds extract [101]
1,8-Cineole, l-Borneol and β-Pinène Rosmarinus
Tournefortii aerial parts
Ellman method GC-MS 13.80 μg/mL for essential oil, 180.70 μg/mL for chloroform extract and >200 μg/mL for butanolic extract [102]
Flavonoids, phenolic acids Cryptostephanus vansonii
roots, rhizomes, basal leaf region and leaves
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate UHPLC–MS/MS From 7.72 μg/mL for root extract to 25.58 μg/mL for leaf extract [103]
Phenolic compounds Senecio biafrae
leaves
Ellman method HPLC-DAD 347.22 μg/mL [104]
Furanocoumarins Heracleum verticillatum, Heracleum sibiricum, Heracleum
angustisectum, and Heracleum ternatum
leaves, fruits and roots
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate NMR From 0.30 μg/mL for Heracleum verticillatum roots extract to 42.4 μg/mL for Heracleum ternatum roots extract [105]
γ-terpinene, carvacrol, p-cymene and
β-caryophyllene
Satureja thymbra aerial parts and Thymbra spicata aerial parts Ellman method GC-MS 4.17 μg/mL for Satureja thymbra and 3.73 μg/mL for Thymbra spicata [106]
Coumarins and flavonoids Citrus
Aurantium
fructus
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate and molecular docking study UHPLC–MS/MS - [107]
Salvigenin, fumaric acid, and quercetagetin-3.6-dimethylether Salvia eriophora
leaves
Ellman method LC-MS/MS 15.06 μg/mL for water extract and 9.91 μg/mL for methanol extract [108]
Phenolic compounds Ceratonia silique
leaves
Ellman method HPLC-DAD 0.26 mg/mL [109]
Phenolic compounds Muscari comosum
bulbs
Ellman method HPLC-UV-Vis 107.64 μg/mL [110]
Phenolic compounds Nymphaea pubescens
flowers
Ellman method GC-MS 51.33 μg/mL for flower
Extract, 380.77 μg/mL for pedicel extract
[111]
Alkaloids: epiberberine, skimmianine, palmatine, columbamine, jatrorrhizine Zanthoxylum nitidum whole plant Ellman method HPLC-UV-MS 62.34 μg/mL for crude extract, 1745.34 μg/mL for ethanol extract and from 3.12 μg/mL for epiberberine to 34.82 μg/mL for jatrorrhizine [71]
Phenolic compounds Solanum
macrocarpon, Amaranthus viridis and Telfairia occidentalis
leaves
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate HPLC - [112]
Flavonoids Eupatorium
Lindleyanum
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate Spectrophotometric method 0.58 mg/mL [113]
Phenolic compounds Mucuna pruriens
seeds
Ellman method HPLC-DAD 0.27 mg/mL [114]
α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene,
α-caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, α-bisabolol,
myrcene and cannabidiol
Cannabis sativa flowering tops Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate GC-MS 57.31 μg/mL for Chinese accession and 74.64 μg/mL
for fibrante variety
[115]
Polymethylated phloroglucinol meroterpenoids Rhodomyrtus
Tomentosa
twigs and leaves
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate Column chromatography, NMR 22.9 μM for most active compound rhotomentodione D [116]
Flavonoids Musa acuminate
leaves and fruits
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate Column chromatography, HPTLC-EDA-Vis, NMR 404.4 μg/mL for ethyl acetate leaf extract to 1848.7 μg/mL for n-hexane fruit extract [117]
Phenolic compounds Mentha pulegium
whole plant
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate HPLC-DAD 1581 μg/L for aqueous extract [118]
Catechins Camellia sinensis
leaves
Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate HPLC-DAD, NMR 42.38 μM for (−)-6-(5″R)-2″-ethoxy-3″,4″-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-epicatechin-3-gallate, 19.5 μM for epicatechin-3-gallate and 78.79 μM for epigallocatechin-3-gallate [119]
Flavoalkaloids Camellia sinensis leaves Ellman method with the application of 96-well microplate LC-DAD-MS From 10.81 μM to 34.82 μM for most active compounds [63]