Table 3.
Antioxidant activity of plant extracts.
| Compounds | Plant | Antioxidant Activity Investigation Methods | Determination of Plant Extract Components Method | IC50 | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolic compounds |
Rhaponticoides iconiensis lowers, leaves and roots |
ABTS radical scavenging assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay and cupric ion reducing/antioxidant power assay and metal chelating activity | LC-MS/MS and NMR | - | [84] |
| Phenolic compounds |
Sarcocephalus latifolius bark |
DPPH radical scavenging assay | GC-MS | From 0.098 mg/mL for hexane extract to 0.148 mg/mL for ethyl acetate extract | [85] |
| Phenolic compounds |
Evolvulus alsinoides roots |
DPPH radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay | GC-MS | Obtained by DPPH assay from 52.43 μg/mL for water extract to 117.45 μg/mL for petroleum ether extract; obtained by FRAP assay from 41.58 μg/mL for water extract to 115.72 μg/mL for petroleum ether extract | [86] |
| Gallic acid derivative, hydroxybenzoic acid derivative and rutin |
Olax nana leaves |
DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging assays | HPLC–DAD | 71.46 μg/mL by DPPH assay, 72.55 μg/mL by ABTS assay and 92.33 μg/mL by free radical assay | [91] |
| Chlorogenic acid, limonene |
Crithmum maritimum aerial parts |
DPPH radical scavenging assay, peroxide free radical scavenging assays and the ability of samples to stop the oscillations in Briggs– Rauscher assay |
HPLC–DAD | - | [94] |
| Polyphenols |
Salvia pilifera aerial parts |
DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay and N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride radical (DMPD+) scavenging assay |
LC-MS/MS | 8.56 μg/mL for water extract and 7.05 μg/mL for methanol extracts obtained by DPPH assay; 4.76 μg/mL for water extract and 3.52 μg/mL for methanol extracts obtained by ABTS assay; 30.95 μg/mL for water extract and 28.92 μg/mL for methanol extracts obtained by DMPD+ | [95] |
| Phytol, neophytadiene, decamethylene dibromide, crodacid, stigma-5-en-3-ol |
Nonea micrantha | DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, total reducing power assay | GC-MS | 3, 5, 93 and 120 μg/mL for aqueous, chloroform, n-hexane and methanolic extracts, respectively, obtained by DPPH assay; 60, 95, 100 and 150 μg/mL for ethyl acetate, aqueous, crude saponins and methanolic extracts, respectively obtained by ABTS assay |
[96] |
| Phenylpropanoid, cinchonains, procyanidins |
Trichilia catigua bark |
DPPH radical scavenging assay | TLC, HPLC-DAD-MS/MS | From 43 μg/mL for hydroalcoholic extract to 60 μg/mL for chloroform extract | [97] |
| Phenolic compounds |
Hypericum lydium aerial part |
DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay | GC-MS | 76.24 μg/mL for methanol extract and 168.64 μg/mL for water extract obtained by DPPH assay; 16.63 μg/mL for methanol extract and 20.48 μg/mL for water extract obtained by ABTS assay |
[98] |
| Carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinenecarvacrol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene | Thymus algeriensis leaves and Teucrium polium aerial parts | DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, β-Carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity assay and total reducing power assay | GC-MS | For Thymus algeriensis 7.44 μg/mL by ABTS, 30.67 μg/mL by DPPH, 22.96 μg/mL by superoxide, 58.82 μg/mL reductive potential assay, 19.40 μg/mL by cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity, 43.34 μg/mL by β-Carotene assay and for Teucrium polium 16.36 μg/mL by ABTS, 47.45 μg/mL by DPPH, 22.3 μg/mL by superoxide, 76.35 μg/mL reductive potential assay, 13.59 μg/mL by cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity, 44.04 μg/mL by β-Carotene assay | [99] |
| Phenolic compounds |
Zizyphus lotus seeds |
DPPH radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay | LC-MS/MS | 0.000067 mg/mL by DPPH assay, 2039.60 mg GAE/100 g by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay | [101] |
| 1,8-Cineole, l-Borneol and β-Pinène |
Rosmarinus Tournefortii aerial parts |
DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, superoxide radical scavenging assay by alkaline DMSO, reducing power assay, β-carotene/linoleic Acid bleaching assay, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity and ferrous ions chelating assay | GC-MS | 129.28 to μg/mL by ferrous ions chelating assay and 314.13 μg/mL by β-carotene assay to >200 by other methods for essential oil, from 9.67 μg/mL by β-carotene assay to >200 μg/mL by ferrous ions chelating assay for chloroform extract and from 7.99 μg/mL by β-carotene assay to >200 μg/mL by ferrous ions chelating assay for butanolic extract | [102] |
| Phenolic compounds |
Senecio biafrae leaves |
DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, NO radical scavenging assay and ferrous ions chelating assay | HPLC-DAD | 78.25 μg/mL by ABTS, 92.08 μg/mL by DPPH, 22.3 μg/mL by hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, 127.23 μg/mL by NO radical scavenging assay, 118.76 μg/mL by ferrous ions chelating assay | [104] |
| Furanocoumarins |
Heracleum verticillatum, Heracleum sibiricum, Heracleum angustisectum, and Heracleum ternatum leaves, fruits and roots |
DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay | NMR | From 0.58 μg/mL for Heracleum angustisectum leaves extract to 45.76 μg/mL for Heracleum sibiricum fruits extract by DPPH assay; from 0.05 μg/mL for Heracleum ternatum fruits extract to 1.83 μg/mL for Heracleum angustisectum fruits extract by ABTS assay |
[105] |
| γ-terpinene, carvacrol, p-cymene and β-caryophyllene |
Satureja thymbra aerial parts and Thymbra spicata aerial parts | DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, NO radical scavenging assay and metal chelating assay, cupric ion reducing assay | GC-MS | 169.68 μg/mL for Satureja thymbra and 276.08 μg/mL for Thymbra spicata by ABTS, 475.53 μg/mL for Satureja thymbra and 121.94 μg/mL for Thymbra spicata by DPPH, 29.28 μg/mL for Satureja thymbra and 5.00 μg/mL for Thymbra spicata by hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, 3.22 μg/mL for Satureja thymbra and 4.89 μg/mL for Thymbra spicata by NO radical scavenging assay, 73.96 μg/mL for Satureja thymbra and 77.64 μg/mL for Thymbra spicata by ferric reducing assay, 127.27 μg/mL for Satureja thymbra and 138.38 μg/mL for Thymbra spicata by cupric ion reducing assay, 12.06 μg/mL for Satureja thymbra and 0.62 μg/mL for Thymbra spicata by metal chelating assay | [106] |
| Salvigenin, fumaric acid, and quercetagetin-3.6-dimethylether |
Salvia eriophora leaves |
DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine radical scavenging assay (DMPD) | LC-MS/MS | 9.94 μg/mL for water extract and 9.21 μg/mL for methanol extract by DPPH assay; 6.58 μg/mL for water extract and 6.03 μg/mL for methanol extract by ABTS assay; 38.10 μg/mL for water extract and 36.82 μg/mL for methanol extract by DMPD assay | [108] |
| Phenolic compounds |
Muscari comosum bulbs |
DPPH radical scavenging assay, NO radical scavenging assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay | HPLC-UV-Vis | 36.73 μg/mL by DPPH assay, 144.13 μg/mL by NO radical scavenging assay and 54.15 μg/mL by superoxide radical scavenging assay | [110] |
| Flavonoids |
Eupatorium
lindleyanum |
DPPH radical scavenging assay, superoxide radical scavenging assay, reducing antioxidant power assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay | Spectrophotometric method | 37.13 μg/mL by DPPH assay, 19.62 μg/mL by superoxide radical scavenging assay, 81.22 μg/mL, 24.72 μg/mL by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay | [113] |
| Phenolic compounds |
Mucuna pruriens seeds |
DPPH radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, free radical scavenging assays, ferrous ions chelating assay | HPLC-DAD | 0.88 mg/mL by DPPH, 0.23 mg/mL by hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, 0.24 mg/mL by ferrous ions chelating assay | [114] |
| α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, α-caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, α-bisabolol, myrcene and cannabidiol |
Cannabis sativa flowering tops | DPPH radical scavenging assay, free radical scavenging assays, ABTS radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay, oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay | GC-MS | 495.49 μg/mL for Chinese accession and 453.9 μg/mL for fibrante variety by DPPH assay; 840.4 μg/mL for Chinese accession and 155.98 μg/mL for fibrante variety by free radical scavenging assays; 24.354 μg/mL for Chinese accession and 16.09 μg/mL for fibrante variety by ABTS radical scavenging assay; 194.06 μg/mL for Chinese accession and 256.82 μg/mL for fibrante variety by β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay; 1908.67 μg/mL for Chinese accession and 629.67 μg/mL for fibrante variety by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay; 3.39 μg/mL for Chinese accession and 2.11 μg/mL for oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay |
[115] |
| Flavonoids |
Musa acuminate fruits and leaves |
DPPH radical scavenging assay, free radical scavenging assays, ABTS radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay | column chromatography HPTLC-EDA-Vis, NMR | From 9.0 μg/mL for ethyl acetate leaf extract to 589.8 μg/mL for n-hexane fruit extract by DPPH assay; from 187.3 μg/mL for ethyl acetate leaf extract to 1332.0 μg/mL for n-hexane fruit extract by ABTS assay; from 187.3 μg/mL for ethyl acetate leaf extract to 1332.0 μg/mL for aqueous methanol leaf extract by ABTS assay; from 10.2 μg/mL for crude extract leaf extract to 249.2 μg/mL for aqueous n-butanol fruit extract by hydroxyl radical scavenging assay | [117] |
| Phenolic compounds |
Mentha pulegium whole plant |
DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, inhibition of lipids and protein oxidation assays | HPLC-DAD | 35.71 μg/mL for aqueous extract, 38.09 μg/mL for methanolic extract by DPPH assay |
[118] |