Table 2.
Physical and mechanical properties of marine gelatin-based film.
| Gelatin Film | Physical Properties | Mechanical Properties | References | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thickness (mm) | Color | Light Transmission (nm) | Light Transparency (%) |
Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g/m s Pa) | Thermal | Biodegradation Rate (%) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation at Break (EAB) (%) | ||||||
| L* | a* | b* | 200–280 | 350–800 | Tm/Tmax (°C) | |||||||||
| Marine composite film | Unicorn leatherjacket skin/bergamot essential oil | - | 79.59–83.20 | 0.55–2.10 | 5.26–6.62 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [97] |
| Unicorn leatherjacket skin/lemongrass essential oil | - | 83.51–86.72 | 0.29–0.83 | 4.16–5.79 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [97] | |
| Cold fish skin/ silver-copper nanoparticles | - | 30.21–52.64 | −0.76–2.26 | 7.74–13.44 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [98] | |
| Tilapia skin/ epigallocatechin gallate | - | 89.06–89.36 | −1.39–(−1.35) | 1.79–1.88 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [99] | |
| Tilapia skin/ginger essential oils | - | 89.84–90.53 | −2.83–(−1.88) | 4.00–12.23 | 0.00–17.85 | 26.51–86.97 | 1.60–3.02 | 1.88–2.61 × 10−11 | - | - | 18.58–35.73 | 41.70–72.03 | [100] | |
| Tilapia skin/turmeric root essential oils | - | 90.04–90.92 | −2.98–(−2.20) | 6.34–13.43 | 0.00–0.70 | 13.44–87.12 | 1.45–1.63 | 1.89–2.48 × 10−11 | - | - | 23.34–34.04 | 42.79–72.08 | [100] | |
| Tilapia skin/plai essential oils | - | 90.25–91.11 | −3.02–(−1.98) | 5.39–11.62 | 0.00–2.39 | 14.63–88.23 | 1.49–2.17 | 2.45–2.91 × 10−11 | - | - | 17.20–32.06 | 44.96–74.68 | [100] | |
| Fish skin/ Ziziphora clinopodioides essential oil |
0.06 | 87.26 | −1.58 | 13.22 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [80] | |
| Fish skin/grape seed extract | 0.06 | 55.12 | 16.77 | 12.57 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [80] | |
| Cold water fish skin/ haskap berries extract | 0.05 | 75.55–90.35 | 1.32–9.09 | −4.47–(−1.48) | - | - | - | 5.96–7.14 × 10−11 | - | - | 46.70–51.50 | 2.87–3.69 | [50] | |
| Tilapia skin/bergamot essential oil | - | - | - | - | 0.00–19.34 | 40.34–74.71 | 4.28–4.45 | 3.15–3.22 × 10−11 | - | - | - | - | [101] | |
| Tilapia skin/kaffir lime essential oil | - | - | - | - | 0.00–23.51 | 47.52–68.32 | 2.08–2.09 | 2.95–3.38 x 10−11 | - | - | - | - | [101] | |
| Tilapia skin/lemon essential oil | - | - | - | - | 0.00–22.26 | 42.35–66.58 | 5.31–5.46 | 2.81–2.85 × 10−11 | - | - | - | - | [101] | |
| Tilapia skin/lime essential oil | - | - | - | - | 0.00–26.01 | 49.25–69.37 | 5.46–5.66 | 2.91–3.37 × 10−11 | - | - | - | - | [101] | |
| Silver carp skin/green tea extract | - | - | - | - | 0.01–0.09 | 6.20–77.80 | 4.09–4.23 | - | - | - | - | - | [102] | |
| Tuna skin/ Soloyo Grande murta leaves extract | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 7.97 × 10−13 | - | - | - | - | [103] | |
| Tuna skin/ Soloyo Grande murta leaves | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5.08 × 10−13 | - | - | - | - | [103] | |
| Cold water fish skin/ Origanum vulgare L. essential oil | 0.07–0.09 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.35–1.90 × 10−10 | - | - | 3.28–6.72 | 87.20–151.82 | [78] | |
| Fish skin/ peppermint essential oils | 0.12–0.13 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [49] | |
| Fish skin/ citronella essential oils | 0.12–0.13 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [49] | |
| Tilapia skin/25,50,75 and 100% palm oil | 0.06–0.12 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 117.77–123.52 | - | - | - | [81] | |
| Tilapia skin/basil | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 74.83–77.92 | - | - | - | [104] | |
| Tilapia skin/citronella | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 7.58–83.08 | - | - | - | [104] | |
| Golden carp skin/ palm oil | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 107.60 | - | - | - | [105] | |
| Golden carp skin/ squalene rich fraction from shark liver | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 110.08–123.79 | - | - | - | [105] | |
| Tilapia skin/basil essential oil | 0.06–0.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 14.11–14.66 | 94.20–127.16 | [106] | |
| Tilapia skin/palm oil | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 11.95–21.81 | 104.95–143.19 | [106] | |
| Silver carp skin/cinnamon essential oil | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [85] | |
| Carp skin/furcellaran | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 68.29 | [107] | |
| Carp skin/furcellaran/rosemary extract | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 69.63–75.71 | [107] | |
| Fish bone gelatin/chitosan/tapioca flour | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 8.48–99.84 | - | - | [108] | |
| Grey triggerfish skin/blood orange peel pectin | 0.10 | - | - | - | 0.01–0.70 | 12.68–95.70 | 1.12–1.57 | 1.54 × 10−10 | - | - | - | - | [79] | |
| Marine skin | Tilapia skin | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [109] |
| Tilapia skin | - | 90.32 | −1.52 | 1.68 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [99] | |
| Tilapia skin | - | 90.57 | −1.58 | 2.15 | 0.01–40.73 | - | 1.20 | - | - | - | 43.62 | - | [100] | |
| Cold fish skin | - | 90.52 | −1.30 | 2.81 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [98] | |
| Fish skin | 0.05 | 91.42 | −2.51 | 15.88 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [80] | |
| Cold water fish skin | 0.05 | 94.25 | −0.80 | −1.68 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [50] | |
| Silver carp skin | - | - | - | - | - | 74.33–89.58 | 0.05 | - | - | - | - | - | [110] | |
| Silver carp skin | - | - | - | - | 0.04–13.80 | 58.70–85.40 | 2.86 | - | - | - | - | - | [102] | |
| Fish skin | - | - | - | - | 0.01–26.57 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [93] | |
| Big-eye snapper skin | - | - | - | - | - | 69.30–84.80 | - | - | 53.14–96.42 | - | - | - | [3] | |
| Brownstripe red snapper skin | - | - | - | - | - | 73.20–85.10 | - | - | 59.89–100.28 | - | - | - | [3] | |
| Tilapia skin | - | - | - | - | - | 79.94–88.43 | 2.14–2.15 | - | - | - | - | - | [101] | |
| Tuna skin | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6.0 × 10−13 | - | - | - | - | [103]) | |
| Cold water fish skin | 0.06 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.99 × 10−10 | - | - | 10.57 | 44.71 | [78] | |
| Tilapia skin | 0.05 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.54 × 10−11 | 117.43 | - | - | 44.09 | [81] | |
| Giant catfish skin | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 76.50 | - | - | - | [111] | |
| Tilapia skin | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 76.92 | - | - | - | [104] | |
| Golden carp skin | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 124.45 | - | - | - | [105] | |
| Warm-water Tilapia skin | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [25] | |
| Cold water fish skin | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 76.73 | [112] | |
| Fish skin | 0.12 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [49] | |
| Silver carp skin | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 29.03 | - | [85] | |
| Cold water fish skin | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.96 | [50] | |
| Grey triggerfish skin | 0.08 | - | - | - | 0.01 | 28.36–90.50 | 1.09 | 2.05 × 10−10 | - | - | 6.23 | 10.47 | [79] | |
Tmax: temperature, at which sample lost maximum of its weight; Tm: melting point. The CIELAB, or CIE L* a* b*, color system represents quantitative relationship of colors on three axes: L* value indicates lightness, and a* and b* are chromaticity coordinates.