Table 1.
Regulation effect of natural compounds from TCM on IS-related signaling pathways.
| Natural Compounds | Categories | Plants | Experiments Model | Mechanisms | Signaling Pathways | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In Vivo | In Vitro | ||||||
| Matrine | Alkaloid | Sophora flavescens Aiton. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: SOD, ↓: MDA, p-JAK2, p-STAT3 |
JAK2/STAT3 | [21] |
| Hydroxy saffron yellow A | Flavonoid | Carthamus tinctorius L. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: SOCS3 ↓: p-JAK2, p-STAT3 |
JAK2/STAT3 | [22] |
| Catalpol | Terpenoid | Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. & C. A. Mey. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: VEGF, EPO, EPOR ↓: p-JAK2, p-STAT3 |
JAK2/STAT3 | [23] |
| Nicotiflorin | Flavonoid | Carthamus tinctorius L. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: Bcl-2 ↓: p-JAK2, p-STAT3, caspase-3, Bax |
JAK2/STAT3 | [24] |
| Atractylenolide III | Terpenoid | Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. | MCAO rats | OGD/R cells | ↓: IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, Drp1, p-JAK2, p-STAT3 | JAK2/STAT3 | [25] |
| Stachydrine | Alkaloid | Leonurus japonicus Houtt. | MCAO rats | OGD/R cells | ↑: SOD ↓: p-65, p-iκB, p-JAK2, p-STAT3, MDA, IL-1β, TNF-α |
JAK2/STAT3 | [26] |
| Artesunate | Terpenoid | Artemisia annua L. | MCAO mice | -- | ↑: IκB ↓: IL-1β, TNF-α, NF-κB |
NF-κB | [31] |
| Skullcapflavone II | Flavonoid | Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: SOD, GSH, VEGF, Ang-1,Tie-2, ↓: MDA, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, caspase-3 and -9, NF-ĸb, TLR4 |
NF-κB | [32] |
| Syringin | Saponin | Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: p-FOXO3a ↓: NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MPO |
NF-κB | [33] |
| Schisandrin B | Lignan | Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. | MCAO rats | -- | ↓: NF-κB, TLR4, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α | NF-κB | [34] |
| Ephedrine | Alkaloid | Ephedra sinica Stapf Ephedra sinica Stapf | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: Bcl-2 ↓: IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, Bax, NO, p-NF-κB |
NF-κB | [35] |
| Berberine | Alkaloid | Coptis chinensis Franch. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: SOD, GSH-Px, CD4+, CD8 ↓: NO, TNF-α, IFN-β, IL-6, NF-κB p65, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-3 |
NF-κB | [44] |
| Salvianolic acid D | Polyphenol | Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge | MCAO rats | OGD/R cells | ↑: Bcl-2 ↓: Bax, Cyt c, caspase-3 and -9, TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, NF-κB, HMGB1 |
NF-κB | [36] |
| Triptolide | Terpenoid | Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. | MCAO rats | -- | ↓: NF-κBp65, PUMA, caspase-3 | NF-κB | [37] |
| β-patchoulene | Terpenoid | Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: IκBα,SOD, GSH-Px, Bcl-2 ↓: NF-κBp65, TLR4, caspase-3, Bax, TNF-α, IFN-β, IL-6 |
NF-κB | [38] |
| Ginkgetin | Flavonoid | Ginkgo biloba L. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: Bcl-2 ↓: LC3-II/LC3-I, DRAM, Beclin 1, cathepsin B, cathepsin D, DRAM, PUMA, Beclin 1, p53, Bax |
NF-κB | [39] |
| Tanshinone IIA | Terpenoid | Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge | MCAO rats | OGD/R cells | ↑: SOD ↓: MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, p-iκB, p-p65 |
NF-κB | [40] |
| Breviscapine | Flavonoid | Erigeronbreviscapus (Vant.) Hand.-Mazz. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: SOD, GSH-Px ↓: MDA, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, PARP-1, COX2, iNOS, p65 |
NF-κB | [41] |
| Diosgenin | Saponin | Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright | MCAO rats | OGD/R cells | ↑: HIKESHI, HSP70, IκBα ↓: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB |
NF-κB | [42] |
| Icariin | Flavonoid | Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: PPARα,PPARγ, IκBα ↓: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB |
NF-κB | [43] |
| Berberine | Alkaloid | Coptis chinensis Franch. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: SOD, GSH-Px, CD4+, CD8 ↓: NO, TNF-α, IFN-β, IL-6, NF-κB p65, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-3 |
NF-κB | [44] |
| Nobiletin | Flavonoid | Citrus reticulata Blanco | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: Bcl-2, IL-10, ↓: TNF-α, IL-6, caspase-3, Bax, p-p38, MAPKAP-2 |
MAPK | [52] |
| Coriolus versicolor polysaccharides | Polysaccharide | Coriolus versicolor (L. ex Fr.) Quel | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: Bcl-2, IL-10, ↓: Bax, TNF-α, IL-1β, caspase-3, p38 MAPK |
MAPK | [53] |
| Scrophularia ningpoensis polysaccharides | Polysaccharide | Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: p-ERK, SOD ↓: p-JNK, p-p38, TNF-α, IL-1β, MDA, NO, NOS |
MAPK | [54] |
| Emodin | Quinone | Rheum palmatum L. | -- | OGD/R cells | ↑: p-ERK-1/2, GLT-1, Bcl-2 ↓: caspase-3 |
MAPK | [55] |
| Ginsenoside Rg1 | Terpenoid | Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: Bcl-2 ↓: p-JNK, p-p38, caspase-3, Bax |
MAPK | [56] |
| Baicalin | Flavonoid | Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | -- | OGD/R cells | ↑: MAPK, ERK, MAP2, Bcl ↓: Bax, caspase-3 and -9 |
MAPK | [57] |
| Curcumin | Polyphenol | Curcuma longa L. | MCAO rats | -- | ↓: LC3-II/LC3-I, IL-1, TLR4, p-38, p-p38 | MAPK | [58] |
| Astragaloside IV | Saponin | Astragalus penduliflorus subsp. mongholicus var. dahuricus (Fisch. ex DC.) X. Y. Zhu | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: HIF-1α, VEGF, Notch, DLL4 | Notch | [63] |
| Osthole | Coumarin | Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: Bcl-2, Notch, NICD, Hes 1 ↓: Bax, caspase-3, |
Notch | [64] |
| Biochanin A | Flavonoid | Trifolium pratense L. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: SOD, GSH-Px, HO-1, Nrf2 ↓: MDA |
Nrf2 | [71] |
| Rosmarinic acid | Polyphenol | Rosmarinus officinalis L. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: Bcl-2, HO-1, Nrf2, SOD ↓: MDA, Bax |
Nrf2 | [73] |
| Palmatine | Alkaloid | Coptis chinensis Franch | MCAO rats | OGD/R cells | ↑: Bcl-2, HO-1, Nrf2, SOD, CAT, p-AMPK ↓: MDA, Bax, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 |
Nrf2 | [74] |
| Taraxasterol | Terpenoid | Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. | OGD/R cells | ↑: HO-1, NQO-1, GPx-3, Nrf2, Bcl-2 ↓: ROS, MDA, Bax |
Nrf2 | [75] | |
| Senkyunolide I | Terpenoid | Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: SOD, Erk1/2, Nrf2, NQO1, Bcl-2 ↓: MDA, caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax |
Nrf2 | [76] |
| Ginkgolide B | Terpenoid | Ginkgo biloba L. | MCAO rats | OGD/R cells | ↑: SOD, p-Akt, HO-1, Nqo1p-Nrf2 ↓: ROS |
Nrf2 | [77] |
| Resveratrol | Polyphenol | Reynoutria japonica Houtt. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: p-AKT ↓: IL-1β, TNFα, COX2, MPO |
PI3K/Akt | [87] |
| Ligustrazine | Alkaloid | Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. | MCAO rats | OGD/R cells | ↑: p-eNOS, p-AKT | PI3K/Akt | [88] |
| Polygalasaponin F | Terpenoid | Polygala tenuifolia Willd. | OGD/R cells | ↑: p-AKT, Nrf2, HO-1 ↓: Bcl-2/Bax caspase-3 |
PI3K/Akt | [89] | |
| Puerarin | Flavonoid | Puerariae Lobata (Willd.) Ohwi | 4-vessel occlusion rats |
-- | ↑: p-GSK-3β, MCL-1, p-AKT ↓: caspase-3 |
PI3K/Akt | [90] |
| Panax notoginseng Saponins | Saponin | Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen ex C. H. Chow | -- | OGD/R cells | ↑: p-AKT, Nrf2, HO-1 ↓: ROS |
PI3K/Akt | [91] |
| Salidroside | Polyphenol | Rhodiola rosea L. | MCAO rats | -- | ↑: p-Akt ↓: IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, CD14, CD44, iNOs |
PI3K/Akt | [92] |
↑: up regulation; ↓: down regulation.