Table 3.
Summary of short-term cultures.
| Research Group | Cancer Type | Establishing Rate | CTC Count | CTC Detection | Culture Period | Additional Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makino et al. (1999) [7] | Gastrointestinal cancer | 4/20 | 1–123/mL by cytospin | HEA(+), CK(+) | 14 days | High CTC were more likely to form spheroids |
| Paris et al. (2009) [32] | Prostate cancer | 5/8 | 150–740/mL (CRPC), 0–100/mL (CSPC) | Pan CK(+), CD45(−), EpCAM | 1 week to 3 months | |
| Lu et al. (2010) [33] | Breast cancer | 10/10 | 18–256/mL | EpCAM, Pan CK, CD45 | 1–33 days | Collagen adhesion matrix (CAM) |
| Pizonet al. (2013) [34] | Breast cancer | 31/39 | 1700–9360/mL | EpCAM(+) | 28 days | Number of spheres was 0–29/mL |
| Bobek et al. (2014) [35] | Pancreatic cancer | 16/24 | NA | Nuclear size, NC ratio, Irregularity, CK7, DAPI, CD45(−) | >14 days | |
| Bobek et al. (2014) [36] | Esophageal cancer | 27/43 | NA | Nuclear size, NC ratio, Irregularity, CK18, DAPI, CD45(−) | <14 days | |
| Bobek et al. (2014) [37] | Pleural Mesothelioma | 4/5 | NA | Nuclear size, NC ratio, Irregularity, MPF, OPN, DAPI, CD45(−) | 10–14 days | |
| Ceganet et al. (2014) [38] | Urinary bladder cancer | 25/39 | 1–50/8 mL | Nuclear size, NC ratio, Irregularity, CK18, DAPI, CD45(−) | 14 days | |
| Kolostova et al. (2014) [39] | Urothelial tumors | NA | NA | Nuclear size, NC ratio, Irregularity, CK7, DAPI | 10 to 14 days | |
| Kolostova et al. (2014) [40] | Prostate cancer | 18 (proliferative capacity)/28 (CTC-positive)/55 (total cases) | NA | Nuclear size, NC ratio, Irregularity, CK7, DAPI | 14 days | |
| Sheng et al. (2014) [41] | Pancreatic cancer | 0/12 | 0–7/mL | CK(+), CD45(−), DAPI | no proliferation | Capture and release |
| Zhang et al. (2014) [42] | Lung cancer | 14/19 | 1 to 11/mL | CK(+), CD45(−) | NA | p53 mutation did not always match between primary tissue and CTC |
| Khoo et al. (2015) [43] | Breast cancer | 7/18 (early stage) | NA | CK(+), CD45(−) | 2–8 weeks | |
| Kolostova et al. (2015) [44] | Ovarian cancer | 77/118 | NA | Nuclear size, NC ratio, Irregularity, CK, DAPI, CD45(−) | 3–14 days | CA125-positive |
| Kolostova et al. (2015) [45] | Gynecological cancer | 3/3 | NA | Nuclear size, NC ratio, Irregularity, CK7, DAPI, CD45(−), Muc1 | 3–10 days | |
| Chen et al. (2016) [46] | Colorectal cancer | NA | 0–1000/mL | DAPI, CK20(+), CD45(−) | 10 days to 2 months | Maintenance for up to 2 months, but no growth was observed. p53 mutation, APC |
| Kolostova et al. (2016) [47] | Gastric cancer | 13/22 | NA | Nuclear size, NC ratio, Irregularity, CK18, 19, DAPI, CD45(−) | >14 days | |
| Kulasinghe et al. (2016) [48] | Head and neck cancer | 7/25 | 1–15 CTC/5 m by cytospin | EpCAM(+), CK(+) CD45(−), morphologically larger than background cells. High NC ratio | 21 days to 63 days. 3D is longer than 2D | Successfully obtained higher CTC counts. HPV-positive |
| Malala et al. (2016) [49] | Colon cancer | 7/7 | 5/mL (CD133(+)), 29/mL (CK20(+)) | CK20(+), CD45(−) | 14 days | The characterization of CTC revealed changes in their phenotypes during their cultivation in vitro |
| Zhang et al. (2016) [50] | Hepatocellular carcinoma | 31/36 (>100 μm defined as spheroids) | 1–42/2 mL | ASGPR, CK(+), CD45(−) | >7 days | Capture and release. ASGPR(+) |
| Eliasova et al. (2017) [51] | Colorectal cancer | 81/98 | NA | Nuclear size, NC ratio, Irregularity, CK, DAPI, CD45(−) | 3–5 days, some were able to grow for 6 months | |
| Lambros et al. (2018) [52] | Prostate cancer | 2/14 | 12546/7.5 mL | DAPI, CK(+), CD45(−) | >4–6 weeks | Two organoids from the same patient |
| Franken et al. (2019) [53] | Breast cancer | 2/8 (without cryopreserved samples), 3/9 (cryopreserved samples) | 1–2913 CTC/7.5 mL | CK(+), CD45(−) | >3 months | Successfully cultured from cryopreserved samples |
| Kapeleris et al. (2020) [54] | Non-small cell lung cancer | 9/70 | 0–385/7.5 mL | DAPI, CK(+), CD45(−), high NC ratio, larger than background cells | 20 to 50 days | Culturability was not affected by an increased number of CTC. EGFR mutation |
| Lee et al. (2020) [55] | Small cell lung cancer | 18/22 | 8–277/mL | CK(+), CD45(−), EpCAM, TTF-1, Synaptophysin | 2 to 6 weeks | BCC, Platelet lysate |
| Xiao et al. (2020) [56] | Breast cancer | 12/12 | NA | CK5, CK8, Mammaglobin | >30 days (6 cases), <30 days (6 cases) | Presence of CD45(+) cells exhibited higher growth potential ex vivo. Does not exclude CD45(+) cells |
| Carmona-Ule et al. (2021) [57] | Breast cancer | 36/50 | 0−1000/7.5 mL | EpCAM, Pan CK, CD45 | >23 days (up to 291 days, mean 8 weeks) | Nanoemulsions support CTC. Some cells express CD45 (+), CD36(+) |
| Hu et al. (2021) [58] | Hepatocellular carcinoma | 55 (spheroid)/60 (CTC)/106 (total) | NA | ASGPR/CPS1, DAPI, EpCAM, CD45(−) | 12–14 days | Beta-catenin (+), a spheroid was defined as a 3D cell structure >100 μm. ASGPR(+) |
| Yang et al. (2021) [59] | Gastrointestinal cancer | 13 (colony)/38 (viable cell)/81 (total) | NA | hTERT | 4 weeks | J2 feeder cell-coated plate |
HEA: Human epithelial antigen. CRPC: Castration-resistant prostate cancer. CSPC: Castration-sensitive prostate cancer. ASGPR: Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1.